{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T22:38:20Z","timestamp":1769121500739,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008062","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Alicia Koplowitz","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004037","name":"Juho Vainion S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004037","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare the strength of associations between different indices of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and brain health outcomes in children with overweight\/obesity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants were 100 children aged 8\u201311\u2009years. CRF was assessed using treadmill exercise test (peak oxygen uptake [V\u0307O<jats:sub>2peak<\/jats:sub>], treadmill time, and V\u0307O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> at ventilatory threshold) and 20\u2010metre shuttle run test (20mSRT, laps, running speed, estimated V\u0307O<jats:sub>2peak<\/jats:sub> using the equations by L\u00e9ger et\u00a0al., Mahar et\u00a0al., and Matsuzaka et\u00a0al.). Intelligence, executive functions, and academic performance were assessed using validated methods. Total gray matter and hippocampal volumes were assessed using structural MRI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>V\u0307O<jats:sub>2peak<\/jats:sub>\/body mass (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.18, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.01\u20130.35) and treadmill time (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.18\u20130.21, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.01\u20130.39) were positively associated with gray matter volume. 20mSRT laps were positively associated with executive functions (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.255, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.089\u20130.421) and academic performance (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.199\u20130.255, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.006\u20130.421), and the running speed was positively associated with executive functions (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.203, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.039\u20130.367). Estimated V\u0307O<jats:sub>2peak\/L\u00e9ger et\u00a0al.<\/jats:sub> was positively associated with intelligence, executive functions, academic performance, and gray matter volume (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.205\u20130.282, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.013\u20130.500). Estimated V\u0307O<jats:sub>2peak\/Mahar et\u00a0al.<\/jats:sub> and V\u0307O<jats:sub>2peak\/Matsuzaka et\u00a0al. (speed)<\/jats:sub> were positively associated with executive functions (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.204\u20130.256, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.031\u20130.436).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although V\u0307O<jats:sub>2peak<\/jats:sub> is considered the gold standard indicator of CRF in children, peak performance (laps or running speed) and estimated V\u0307O<jats:sub>2peak\/L\u00e9ger et\u00a0al.<\/jats:sub> derived from 20mSRT had stronger and more consistent associations with brain health outcomes than other indices of CRF in children with overweight\/obesity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T09:21:05Z","timestamp":1702545665000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Which indices of cardiorespiratory fitness are more strongly associated with brain health in children with overweight\/obesity?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Eero A.","family":"Haapala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4  Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Finland"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine University of Eastern Finland  Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Lubans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4  Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Finland"},{"name":"Centre for Active Living and Learning, School of Education The University of Newcastle  Callaghan Australia"},{"name":"Active Living Research Program Hunter Medical Research Institute  New Lambton Heights Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1227-2460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timo","family":"Jaakkola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4  Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan R.","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Public Health and Sports Sciences University of Exeter  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abel","family":"Plaza\u2010Florido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada  Granada Spain"},{"name":"Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center, Department of Pediatrics School of Medicine, University of California at Irvine  Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Gracia\u2010Marco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada  Granada Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN) Instituto de Salud Carlos III  Granada Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2493-9528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricio","family":"Solis\u2010Urra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada  Granada Spain"},{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Services, \"Virgen de Las Nieves\" University Hospital  Granada Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Education and Social Sciences Universidad Andres Bello  Vi\u00f1a del Mar Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Cadenas\u2010Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada  Granada Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN) Instituto de Salud Carlos III  Granada Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Esteban\u2010Cornejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada  Granada Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN) Instituto de Salud Carlos III  Granada Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA  Granada Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2001-1121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco B.","family":"Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4  Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Finland"},{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada  Granada Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN) Instituto de Salud Carlos III  Granada Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI).Report on the Fifth Round of Data Collection 2018\u20132020. Available at:https:\/\/www.who.int\/europe\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO\u2010EURO\u20102022\u20106594\u201046360\u201067071"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13458"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000901"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-097361"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000652"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.13.3.225"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.12.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13824"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2020.1729516"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.2013-0153"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1984-0462\/;2019;37;2;00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2011.01.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.2018-0141"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0536-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.05.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14586"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","volume-title":"Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Children and Adolescents","author":"Rowland TW","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.14.1.16"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2016.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.2018-0129"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01213.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640418808729800"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.16.2.113"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.200033797"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0396"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0395"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9041080"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000588"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.2163"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-8606.2012.00246.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143750"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00979"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2018.12.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2019.05.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2006.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000074"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.23337"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-4032"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.10.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14337"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002216"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9041059"}],"container-title":["Scandinavian Journal of Medicine &amp; Science in Sports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/sms.14549","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T08:47:17Z","timestamp":1721724437000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/sms.14549"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/sms.14549"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.14549","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0905-7188","1600-0838"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0905-7188","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0838","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-10-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-11-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-12-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e14549"}}