{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T11:06:40Z","timestamp":1785841600786,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]],"date-time":"2024-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is a growing prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD), a condition associated with a higher cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. We assessed the association between self\u2010reported physical activity (PA) and CKD and also studied whether PA attenuates CKD\u2010associated CVD risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cohort of Spanish adults (18\u201364\u2009years) participated in this nationwide study. Participants were categorized at baseline as being either inactive (performing no PA), regularly, or insufficiently active (meeting or not, respectively, international PA recommendations) and were followed for up to 5\u2009years. The presence of CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate &lt;60\u2009mL\/min\/1.73\u2009m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) and major CVD risk factors (diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, obesity) was determined at baseline and at follow\u2010up.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>517\u2009917 participants (44\u2009\u00b1\u20099\u2009years, 67% male, CKD prevalence\u2009=\u20097%) were studied at baseline, with prospective analyses (median follow\u2010up\u2009=\u20092\u2009years, range\u2009=\u20092\u20135) in a subcohort of 264\u2009581 individuals. Compared to physical inactivity, cross\u2010sectional analyses at baseline showed that regular PA (odds ratio\u2009=\u20090.80; 95% confidence interval\u2009=\u20090.79\u20130.81), but not insufficient PA (1.02; 0.99\u20131.04) was associated with lower CKD prevalence. However, prospective analyses failed to confirm this association (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.1). In turn, CKD was associated with a higher prevalence of hypertension (+3%) and diabetes (+5%) at baseline and with a greater incidence of hypertension at follow\u2010up (+37%). Among those participants with CKD, regular PA was associated with a lower prevalence (\u221245% to \u22127%) and incidence (\u221238% to \u22124%) of all CVD risk factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although PA might not reduce incident CKD in the middle term (~2\u2009years), it can attenuate the CVD risk linked to this condition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]],"date-time":"2024-01-04T11:05:08Z","timestamp":1704366308000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Physical activity, chronic kidney disease, and cardiovascular risk: A study in half a million adults"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0098-0235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adri\u00e1n","family":"Castillo\u2010Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Biology Department University of Alcal\u00e1  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1730-3369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro L.","family":"Valenzuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Biology Department University of Alcal\u00e1  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Physical Activity and Health Research Group (PaHerg) Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre (\u2018imas12\u2019)  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Hypertension Unit and Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12)  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0100-7541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Saco\u2010Ledo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hypertension Unit and Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12)  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3255-3246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier S.","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport Sciences Universidad Europea de Madrid  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"i+HeALTH European University Miguel de Cervantes  Valladolid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis M.","family":"Ruilope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOVE\u2010IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences University of Cadiz  Cadiz Spain"},{"name":"Hypertension Unit and Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12)  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2309-3583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Santos\u2010Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of C\u00e1diz (INiBICA) Research Unit Puerta del Mar University Hospital, University of C\u00e1diz  Cadiz Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Lucia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hypertension Unit and Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12)  Madrid 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