{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T05:02:14Z","timestamp":1786251734836,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Describe head acceleration events (HAEs) experienced by professional male rugby union players during tackle, ball\u2010carry, and ruck events using instrumented mouthguards (iMGs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective observational cohort.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Players competing in the 2023 Currie Cup (141 players) and Super Rugby (66 players) seasons wore iMGs. The iMG\u2010recorded peak linear acceleration (PLA) and peak angular acceleration (PAA) were used as in\u00a0vivo HAE approximations and linked to contact\u2010event data captured using video analysis. Using the maximum PLA and PAA per contact event (HAE<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>), ordinal mixed\u2010effects regression models estimated the probabilities of HAE<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> magnitude ranges occurring, while accounting for the multilevel data structure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>As HAE<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> magnitude increased the probability of occurrence decreased. The probability of a HAE<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> \u226515<jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic> was 0.461 (0.435\u20130.488) (approximately 1 in every 2) and \u226545<jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic> was 0.031 (0.025\u20130.037) (1 in every 32) during ball carries. The probability of a HAE<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> &gt;15<jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic> was 0.381 (0.360\u20130.404) (1 in every 3) and &gt;45<jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic> 0.019 (0.015\u20130.023) (1 in every 53) during tackles. The probability of higher magnitude HAE<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> occurring was greatest during ball carries, followed by tackles, defensive rucks and attacking rucks, with some ruck types having similar profiles to tackles and ball carries. No clear differences between positions were observed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Higher magnitude HAE<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> were relatively infrequent in professional men's rugby union players. Contact events appear different, but no differences were found between positions. The occurrence of HAE<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> was associated with roles players performed within contact events, not their actual playing position. Defending rucks may warrant greater consideration in injury prevention research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T05:19:33Z","timestamp":1718255973000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Head Acceleration Events During Tackle, Ball\u2010Carry, and Ruck Events in Professional Southern Hemisphere Men's Rugby Union Matches: A Study Using Instrumented Mouthguards"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1428-9282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory","family":"Roe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport Leeds Beckett University  Leeds 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