{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:17:41Z","timestamp":1788481061441,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,22]],"date-time":"2024-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The StartReact test, increasingly popular for assessing cortico\u2010reticular functioning, is a valid method to influence the firing of reticulospinal tract neurons noninvasively. However, there remains limited evidence on how different stimuli employed in the StartReact test impact motor output in humans. The present study tested elbow flexor responses of 33 adults (aged 26\u201348\u2009years) to visual stimuli only (LED light), audio\u2010visual (80\u2009dB) stimuli, and startle\u2010inducing audio\u2010visual (120\u2009dB) stimuli sitting with the arm supinated in an electromechanical dynamometer. Surface electromyogram (EMG) recorded muscle activity from the right biceps brachii muscle. Participants were presented with 20 stimuli for each of the three conditions in pseudorandom order with interstimulus intervals of ~8\u2009s. Reaction times were calculated from the stimulus trigger to the initial rise in the EMG signal above 7\u2009\u00d7\u2009SD from baseline. Rate of torque development (RTD) and EMG signals were recorded throughout and analyzed over their initial 50\u2009ms and 100\u2009ms time\u2010windows. Reaction times were reduced from visual (169\u2009\u00b1\u200923) to audio\u2010visual (140\u2009\u00b1\u200923) and further reduced to startle\u2010inducing audio\u2010visual stimuli (108\u2009\u00b1\u200919, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). While RTD and EMG were consistently greatest following startle\u2010inducing stimuli (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), they were also enhanced following all audio\u2010visual stimuli over 100\u2009ms (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). It appears that startle\u2010inducing audio\u2010visual stimuli result in shorter reaction times, increased RTD, and enhanced muscle activity within the initial 50\u2009ms, likely from subcortical upregulation. However, the 100\u2009ms time\u2010window suggests cortical upregulation following all audio\u2010visual stimuli considering the longer transmission times.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T02:14:03Z","timestamp":1727057643000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Effects of the <scp>StartReact<\/scp> on Reaction Time, Rate of Force Development, and Muscle Activity in Biceps Brachii"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6804-0741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Walker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroMuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4  Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 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