{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T08:15:53Z","timestamp":1779005753198,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Competitive swimmers complete 50\u2010m front crawl swimming without breathing or with a limited number of breaths. Breath holding during exercise can trigger diving reflex including bradycardia and diminished active muscle blood flow, whereas oxygen supply to vital organ such as brain is maintained. We hypothesized that swimmers achieving faster time in 50\u2010m front crawl with limited number of breaths demonstrate a blunted diving reflex of cardiac and active muscle blood flow responses with elevated cerebral perfusion to counteract peripheral and central fatigues. Twenty\u2010eight competitive swimmers (12 females) underwent a 50\u2010m front crawl swimming time trial with minimum respiratory interruptions, following which they were categorized into two groups: Fast (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200913) and Slow (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200915). Additionally, they performed knee extension exercises with maximal voluntary breath\u2010 holding, wherein leg blood flow (Doppler ultrasound), cardiac output (Modelflow), heart rate (electrocardiogram), and middle cerebral artery mean blood velocity (transcranial Doppler ultrasound) were evaluated. The pattern of leg blood flow response differed between the two groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.031) with the Fast group experiencing a delayed onset of reductions in leg blood flow (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.035). The onset of bradycardia was also delayed in the Fast group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.014), with this group demonstrating a higher value of the lowest heart rate (between\u2010trial difference in average: 15.9 [3.73, 28.2] beats\/min) and cardiac output (between\u2010trial difference in median: 2.84\u2009L\/min) (both, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.013). Middle cerebral artery mean blood velocity was similar between the groups (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2265\u20090.112). We show that swimmers with superior performance in 50\u2010m front crawl swim with limited breaths display a diminished diving reflex.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T06:29:18Z","timestamp":1729578558000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Fast Competitive Swimmers Demonstrate a Diminished Diving Reflex"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9696-8291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naoto","family":"Fujii","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Sport Sciences University of Tsukuba  Tsukuba Japan"},{"name":"Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP) University of Tsukuba  Tsukuba Ibaraki 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