{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:07:57Z","timestamp":1791389277127,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous studies in sports science suggested that regular exercise has a positive impact on human health. However, the effects of endurance sports and their underlying mechanisms are still not completely understood. One of the main debates regards the modulation of immune dynamics in high\u2010intensity exercise. As part of the \u201cRun 4 Science\u201d project in Verona, Italy, we conducted a single\u2010cell RNA sequencing analysis on half\u2010marathon amateur runners to investigate the transcriptional dynamics of peripheral blood mononuclear cells following endurance exercise. Blood samples were collected from four participants before and after running a half\u2010marathon to carry out a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of immune cells at the single\u2010cell level. Our analysis revealed significant alterations in the transcriptional profiles following endurance physical exercise. Modulations in myeloid cells suggested the activation of stress response (6 related pathways, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.04) and pathways related to viral processes (4 related pathways, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.03), while in lymphoid cells they hinted to a shift towards immune activation (24 related pathways, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Additionally, transcriptional changes in platelets point to an activation of the coagulation process (5 related pathways, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.005). Single\u2010cell data was also analyzed following a pseudo\u2010bulk approach (i.e., simulating a bulk RNAseq experiment) to gain further biological insights. Our findings suggest that a pseudo\u2010bulk analysis could offer complementary findings to classical single\u2010cell analysis methods and demonstrate that endurance physical exercise, such as running a half\u2010marathon, induces substantial changes in the transcriptional dynamics of immune cells. These insights contribute to a better understanding of the immune modulation mediated by endurance exercise and may inform future training routines or nutritional guidelines based on individual gene expression levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.70018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T12:28:59Z","timestamp":1737030539000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Single\u2010Cell <scp>RNA<\/scp> Sequencing Analysis Reveals Exercise\u2010Induced Transcriptional Dynamics in Half\u2010Marathon Runners"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0413-6031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Veschetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infections and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute  Milano Italy"},{"name":"Vita\u2010Salute San Raffaele University  Milano Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Patuzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences University of Verona  Verona Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9175-9455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirko","family":"Treccani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics University of Verona  Verona Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6080-7864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas","family":"Moron Dalla Tor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery University of Parma  Parma 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