{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T10:58:18Z","timestamp":1782125898245,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]],"date-time":"2025-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this study was to identify the morphological characteristics of trunk and lower limb muscles associated with 400\u2010m sprint performance and \u201ceffectiveness index of mechanical energy utilization (EI).\u201d Twelve male 400\u2010m sprinters (age: 21.4\u2009\u00b1\u20091.7\u2009years, 400\u2010m best time: 48.38\u2009\u00b1\u20091.80\u2009s) participated in this study. Using a 3\u2010T magnetic resonance imaging system, we measured muscle cross\u2010sectional area (CSA) of the key trunk and lower limb muscles, including the rectus abdominis, lateral abdominal wall, erector spinae, psoas major, adductors, quadriceps femoris, hamstrings, dorsiflexors, and plantar flexors. The CSA of the trunk muscles was summed bilaterally, while the CSA of the lower limb muscles was assessed on the right leg. In addition to absolute CSA, relative CSA, normalized by the two\u2010thirds power of lean body mass, was used in the analysis to account for individual body size differences. Participants completed a 400\u2010m sprint on an official outdoor track, with running motion in early phase (around the 160\u2010m point) analyzed using high\u2010speed video cameras. Our findings indicate that the specific muscle groups' relative CSA, particularly the lateral abdominal wall and adductors, were significantly correlated with 400\u2010m sprint time (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.604 to \u22120.748, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.005\u20130.038) and EI (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.598\u20130.599, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.040). Additionally, the thigh\u2010to\u2010lower leg CSA ratio was significantly correlated with 400\u2010m sprint time (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.643, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.024) and EI (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.577, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.049). These results suggest that the relative size of proximal muscles plays a crucial role in economical sprinting in 400\u2010m sprinters. Thus, optimizing the development of proximal muscles relative to distal muscles may enhance 400\u2010m sprint economy, providing a valuable reference for designing training programs focused on economical running techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.70023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T08:37:14Z","timestamp":1739263034000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effectiveness Index of Mechanical Energy Utilization in Male 400\u2010m Sprinters and the Relation Between Muscle Cross\u2010Sectional Area of the Trunk and the Lower Limb"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5162-8743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kotaro","family":"Muratomi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences University of Tsukuba  Ibaraki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Tarumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology  Ibaraki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2790-0598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuki","family":"Furuhashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences University of Tsukuba  Ibaraki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Ushirooka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences University of Tsukuba  Ibaraki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0786-8809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisuke","family":"Hoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology  Ibaraki Japan"},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Fukuie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology  Ibaraki Japan"},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Hasegawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2603-0692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Sugawara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology  Ibaraki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoru","family":"Tanigawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Sports Science University of Tsukuba  Ibaraki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideyuki","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Sports Science University of Tsukuba  Ibaraki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirohiko","family":"Maemura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Sports Science University of Tsukuba  Ibaraki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0486-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02386190"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1983.tb07200.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12723"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2114\/jpa2.30.47"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7600\/jspfsm.67.383"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5432\/ijshs.20100018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-021-05487-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"400 Meter Training","volume":"93","author":"Hart C.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Track and Field Quarterly Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","volume-title":"The Mechanics of Sprinting and Hurdling","author":"Mann R. 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