{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T22:59:51Z","timestamp":1791673191043,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study investigated the effects of absolute humidity on heat dissipation and subsequent thermal, cardiovascular, and performance responses during self\u2010paced exercise in the heat. Twelve trained male cyclists performed a 700\u2010kJ time trial in four different humidity conditions (Low: 1.6\u2009kPa, Moderate: 2.5\u2009kPa, High: 3.5\u2009kPa, and Very high: 4.5\u2009kPa) in 33\u00b0C. The gradient in partial water vapor pressure at the saturated skin surface and in air, which determines sweat evaporation, decreased significantly with increasing humidity (Low: 3.53\u2009\u00b1\u20090.30\u2009kPa, Moderate: 2.74\u2009\u00b1\u20090.24\u2009kPa, High: 1.99\u2009\u00b1\u20090.20\u2009kPa, Very high: 1.19\u2009\u00b1\u20090.16\u2009kPa;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The maximum evaporative capacity of the environment (\n                    <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) also decreased with greater humidity (Low: 309\u2009\u00b1\u200926\u2009W\u2009m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    , Moderate: 240\u2009\u00b1\u200921\u2009W\u2009m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    , High: 175\u2009\u00b1\u200918\u2009W\u2009m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    , Very high: 104\u2009\u00b1\u200914\u2009W\u2009m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    ;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), as did sweating efficiency (\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>eff<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) (Low: 0.50\u2009\u00b1\u20090.13, Moderate: 0.39\u2009\u00b1\u20090.10, High: 0.28\u2009\u00b1\u20090.09, Very high: 0.16\u2009\u00b1\u20090.04;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2264\u20090.003). Power output was similar between Low (260\u2009\u00b1\u200933\u2009W) and Moderate humidity (257\u2009\u00b1\u200927\u2009W;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.999), but lower in Very high (222\u2009\u00b1\u200937\u2009W) than in all other conditions (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and lower in High (246\u2009\u00b1\u200931\u2009W) than in the Low and Moderate humidity (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Peak core temperature was higher in Very high (39.49\u00b0C\u2009\u00b1\u20090.56\u00b0C) than in Low (38.97\u00b0C\u2009\u00b1\u20090.44\u00b0C;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), Moderate (39.04\u00b0C\u2009\u00b1\u20090.39\u00b0C;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.002) and High humidity (39.12\u00b0C\u2009\u00b1\u20090.47\u00b0C;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.010). Mean skin temperature was higher with elevated humidity (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and mean heart rate was not significantly different between conditions (\n                    <jats:italic>p\u2009\u2265<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u20090.056). These data indicate that reductions in evaporative potential and efficiency with elevated humidity exacerbate thermal and cardiovascular strain during self\u2010paced cycling in the heat, resulting in marked performance impairments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.70041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T23:04:06Z","timestamp":1742425446000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Elevated Humidity Impairs Evaporative Heat Loss and Self\u2010Paced Exercise Performance in the Heat"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Felicity M.","family":"Bright","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Sport and Exercise University of Canberra  Canberra Australia"},{"name":"Heat and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brad","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Sport and Exercise University of Canberra  Canberra Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6076-6337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ollie","family":"Jay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heat and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6266-4246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julien D.","family":"P\u00e9riard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Sport and Exercise University of Canberra  Canberra Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1938.tb01246.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1937.120.2.277"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Handbook of Physiology: Environmental Physiology","author":"Gagge A. 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