{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T05:12:36Z","timestamp":1792818756855,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with repetitive head impacts (RHI), which is commonly observed in athletes participating in contact sports. This systematic review and meta\u2010analysis aimed to provide a clearer elucidation of the prevalence, risk factors, and potential outcomes of CTE in athletes. Through a comprehensive search of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar (January 2015 to July 2024), we ultimately included eight eligible studies with a low risk of bias involving 1000 former contact sports athletes diagnosed by neuropathological methods. Data were analyzed in a random\u2010effects meta\u2010analysis. The results indicated that the pooled prevalence of CTE in contact sport athletes was 53.7% (95% CI: 37.6\u201369.5,\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u200993.7%). Subgroup analyses revealed that rugby players exhibited the highest prevalence at 64.7% (95% CI: 48.5\u201379.5,\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20090%), followed by American football players at 53.0% (95% CI: 33.2\u201372.4,\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u200992.9%). By participation level, the prevalence was estimated at 44.1% (95% CI: 29.6\u201359.1,\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u200984.5%) in amateur athletes and 72.8% (95% CI: 50.9\u201390.5,\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u200991.6%) in elite athletes. Notably, the suicide rate among individuals diagnosed with CTE was 39.0% (95% CI: 12.7\u201369.0,\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u200994.4%), and the pooled prevalence of CTE in non\u2010suicidal athletes was 30.1% (95% CI: 6.9\u201360.4,\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u200997.8%). These findings reveal the high prevalence of CTE in contact sport athletes exposed to RHI, especially at elite\u2010level competition, and emphasize suicide as a potential outcome. Further studies should incorporate more female athletes to comprehensively assess the risk factors, outcomes, and effective prevention strategies for CTE.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.70047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T22:39:08Z","timestamp":1744065548000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Prevalence of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Athletes With Repetitive Head Impacts: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Bote","family":"Qi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Exercise Science, College of Education Zhejiang University  Hangzhou 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Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, College of Sport Shenzhen University  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5699-5869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Exercise Science, College of Education Zhejiang University  Hangzhou 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