{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:08:59Z","timestamp":1791392939135,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005721","name":"Universit\u00e4t Bielefeld","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005721","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neurofeedback training (NFT) has emerged as a promising technique for enhancing sports performance by enabling individuals to self\u2010regulate their neural activity. However, only 53% of the 13 included studies, all of which published before 2021, in the latest meta\u2010analyses of NFT and motor performance focused on motor performance outcomes. Due to the rapid development of neurofeedback, 8 high\u2010quality articles were published in 2023\u20132024 alone. Therefore, there is a need for a new meta\u2010analysis to update the impact of NFT on sports performance. In this systematic review and meta\u2010analysis, we have not only reassessed the knowledge of the effect of EEG neurofeedback in motor performance but have also incorporated a standardized methodology, known as the CRED\u2010nf checklist (Consensus on the reporting and experimental design of clinical and cognitive\u2010behavioral neurofeedback studies), for methodological evaluation of previous EEG neurofeedback studies. The study protocol was pre\u2010registered, and a systematic search was conducted across major databases to identify relevant randomized controlled trials. A total of 25 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis, with 21 studies eligible for the meta\u2010analysis. The meta\u2010analysis revealed a moderate positive effect of NFT on sport motor tasks, with a Hedges's g of 0.78 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.49\u20131.07. Importantly, subgroup analyses showed that studies with higher methodological quality scores, as assessed by the CRED\u2010nf checklist, had significantly larger effect sizes (Hedges's g\u2009=\u20091.07) compared to lower than median studies (Hedges's g\u2009=\u20090.49). This finding highlights the importance of addressing key methodological gaps, such as reporting on participant strategies, data processing methods, and the relationship between regulation success and behavioral outcomes. In conclusion, NFT showcases a moderate positive impact on sport motor task, particularly when high\u2010quality methodologies are employed, as assessed by the CRED\u2010nf checklist, underscoring the importance of rigorous study designs in future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.70055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T09:49:54Z","timestamp":1745488194000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["The Effect of <scp>EEG<\/scp> Neurofeedback Training on Sport Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0353-9397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chien\u2010Lin","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences National Taiwan Normal University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming\u2010Yang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science Research Taiwan Institute of Sports Science  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology Beijing Sport University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting\u2010Yu","family":"Chueh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Master's Program of Transition and Leisure Education for Individuals With Disabilities University of Taipei  Taipei City Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia\u2010Hao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8097-7927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuo\u2010Pin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive Interaction Technology Bielefeld University  Bielefeld Germany"},{"name":"The Master Program of Sport Facility and Health Promotion National Taiwan University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8118-0837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsung\u2010Min","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences National Taiwan Normal University  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute for Research Excellence and Learning Science National Taiwan Normal University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"143","article-title":"Neurofeedback: A Comprehensive Review on System Design, Methodology, and Clinical Applications","volume":"7","author":"Marzbani H.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.164"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Relationship Between the Neurofeedback Training Effects Measured by the Maximum Frequency Deviation and the Patients' Physical and Mental Fatigue","volume":"32","author":"Watanabe H.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.2015\u20100166"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199101000-00018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1273186"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-022-03190-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2022.102211"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14540"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120000"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2018.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.02.005"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","first-page":"630","article-title":"Neurofeedback\u2010Induced Changes in Motor Network Connectivity in Parkinson's Disease","volume":"264","author":"Mirifar A.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2015.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.2018-0278"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00094"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200.2013.855682"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2014.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","unstructured":"T.Ros S.Enriquez\u2010Geppert V.Zotev et\u00a0al. Consensus on the Reporting and Experimental Design of Clinical and Cognitive\u2010Behavioural Neurofeedback Studies (CRED\u2010nf Checklist)(2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sports12030070"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17408989.2018.1552676"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13040660"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","volume-title":"Minds Manual for Guideline Development 2020 ver. 3.0","author":"Minds Manual Developing Committee","year":"2021"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","first-page":"MR000026","article-title":"Checking Reference Lists to Find Additional Studies for Systematic Reviews","author":"Horsley T.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-9514(09)70043-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/83.8.713"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.3.638"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Social Sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","volume-title":"Meta\u2010Analysis in Stata: An Updated Collection From the Stata Journal","author":"Palmer T. M.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-005-2175-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1947-489X.210753"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10874208.2012.730388"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O.Strizhkova L.Cherapkina andT.Strizhkova Neurofeedback Course Applying of High Skilled Gymnasts in Competitive Period(2012).","DOI":"10.4100\/jhse.2012.7.Proc1.21"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-016-9344-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2018.71488"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2021.101944"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-023-00706-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bs13010065"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jcsp.2022\u20100035"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2024.108844"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2024.2441149"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2025.1487737"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1240"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","unstructured":"J.HigginsandS.Green Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 5.1. 0 the Cochrane Collaboration(2011)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2022.102320"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2017.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-020-09498-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/inte.1120.0626"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2010.06.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.638369"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-020-09472-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00594"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17509840802287218"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/kr.2017\u20100056"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","first-page":"362","volume-title":"Handbook of Sport Psychology","author":"Hatfield B. D.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","volume-title":"Human Performance","author":"Fitts P. M.","year":"1967"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429025112-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","first-page":"472","volume-title":"The Routledge International Encyclopedia of Sport and Exercise Psychology","author":"Cheng M. Y.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315723693-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315723693-14"}],"container-title":["Scandinavian Journal of Medicine &amp; Science in Sports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/sms.70055","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T11:56:17Z","timestamp":1747828577000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/sms.70055"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/sms.70055"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.70055","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0905-7188","1600-0838"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0905-7188","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0838","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-09-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-03","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70055"}}