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A total of 3564 participants from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) were included. The cross\u2010sectional analysis of 2020 data revealed a U\u2010shaped dose\u2013response relationship between physical activity levels and depression risk. Longitudinally, group\u2010based trajectory modeling identified five distinct physical activity patterns from 2011 to 2020. Compared to the low\u2010stable group, the moderate\u2010stable group showed a 47% reduced risk of depression, while the highest\u2010stable group had a 37% increased risk. Gender\u2010stratified analyses showed that long\u2010term moderate physical activity had protective effects in both males and females, whereas excessive activity was only associated with higher depression risk in females. These findings suggest that physical activity can serve as both a protective and risk factor for depression, with gender\u2010specific considerations in older adults.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.70073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T11:16:41Z","timestamp":1747394201000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Depression Among Middle\u2010Aged and Elderly Chinese: A Longitudinal Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8577-0197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juxiang","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwest University  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education Renmin University of China  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematical Sciences South China Normal University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongchu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematical Sciences South China Normal University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwest University  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00516-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00395-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(15)00390\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.5706"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","article-title":"Immunophenotypic Analysis of T Lymphocytes and Cytokine Production in Elderly Practicing Physical Activities and Its Relationship With Quality of Life and Depression","volume":"2022","author":"Carvalho\u2010Costa T. 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