{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T22:21:38Z","timestamp":1781734898798,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753660800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Low levels of physical fitness and the prevalence of obesity represent significant public health concerns that may adversely affect executive functions in adolescents. This study aimed to examine the associations between physical fitness and weight status clusters and executive functions in adolescents. A total of 1156 secondary school students aged 12\u201314\u2009years participated in the study. Cluster analysis was conducted using field\u2010measured cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), muscular fitness (MF), and body mass index (BMI). Core executive functions, including inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and working memory, were assessed using computerized tests. Five profiles were identified: (1) Thin &amp; Unfit, (2) Normal weight &amp; Fit, (3) Fat &amp; Strong, (4) Fat &amp; Unfit, and (5) Thin &amp; Aerobic. Participants with profiles characterized by higher CRF and MF levels and lower BMI demonstrated superior executive function compared to those with unfit profiles. This study underscores the importance of maintaining adequate levels of physical fitness and appropriate weight status in adolescents to support optimal performance of core executive functions. Furthermore, it highlights the interplay of the three components in mitigating the adverse effects of deficiencies in any one component.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Trial Registration:<\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\">Clinicaltrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    identifier: NCT05891054 and NCT06254638\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.70098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T13:43:42Z","timestamp":1753710222000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Fitness, Weight Status and Executive Functions in Adolescents: A Cluster Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1425-9745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Grao\u2010Cruces","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GALENO Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences University of Cadiz  Puerto Real Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de C\u00e1diz (INiBICA)  Cadiz Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Mart\u00edn\u2010Acosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GALENO Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences University of Cadiz  Puerto Real Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de C\u00e1diz (INiBICA)  Cadiz Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Vaquero\u2010Sol\u00eds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GALENO Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences University of Cadiz  Puerto Real Spain"},{"name":"ACAFYDE Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences University of Extremadura  C\u00e1ceres Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abel","family":"Ruiz\u2010Hermosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACAFYDE Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences University of Extremadura  C\u00e1ceres Spain"},{"name":"Social and Health Care Research Center, Universidad de Castilla\u2010La Mancha  Cuenca Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8856-5967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Camiletti\u2010Moir\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GALENO Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences University of Cadiz  Puerto Real Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de C\u00e1diz (INiBICA)  Cadiz Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"S\u00e1nchez\u2010Oliva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACAFYDE Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences University of Extremadura  C\u00e1ceres Spain"},{"name":"Social and Health Care Research Center, Universidad de Castilla\u2010La Mancha  Cuenca Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1376.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume-title":"Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","volume-title":"Encuesta Nacional de Salud de Espa\u00f1a","author":"Ministerio de Sanidad","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000901"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-097400"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"126","article-title":"Physical Activity, Exercise, and Physical Fitness: Definitions and Distinctions for Health\u2010Related Research","volume":"100","author":"Caspersen C. J.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Public Health Reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803774"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0905307106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bs13020191"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13945"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2022.102203"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2020.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55100677"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.4708"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13458"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.55631"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/820956"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/job.2085"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.966510"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.12.062"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluating the \u2018Fat but Fit\u2019 Paradox in Cognitive Performance and Academic Achievement of Adolescents: A Latent Class Analysis \u2013 Cogni\u2010Action Project","volume":"1","author":"Espinoza\u2010Puelles J. P.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Teaching in Physical Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1329245"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1565914"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2010.075341"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2006.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","volume-title":"WHO Child Growth Standards: Length\/Height\u2010for\u2010Age, Weight\u2010for\u2010Age, Weight\u2010for\u2010Length, Weight\u2010for\u2010Height and Body Mass Index\u2010for\u2010Age: Methods and Development","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617713001094"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","volume-title":"Executive Abilities: Measures and Instruments for Neurobehavioral Evaluation and Research (EXAMINER): User Manual 3.6","author":"NINDS","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181b04b24"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20131"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12187-015-9325-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","unstructured":"JASP Team \u201cJASP (Version 0.19.0) \u201d[Computer software] 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16050606"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2022-106176"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.043497"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00210.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e318060111f"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2018.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2018.12.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2020.100765"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38446.466238.E0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckae113"}],"container-title":["Scandinavian Journal of Medicine &amp; Science in Sports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/sms.70098","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/sms.70098","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/sms.70098","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T04:22:13Z","timestamp":1776140533000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/sms.70098"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/sms.70098"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.70098","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0905-7188","1600-0838"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0905-7188","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0838","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-23","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70098"}}