{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T04:10:20Z","timestamp":1778127020807,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Cross\u2010education refers to strength gains in the untrained limb following unilateral training, typically attributed to corticospinal adaptations. These changes are modest and may not fully explain interlimb transfer in older adults. This study assessed cortico\u2010reticular and reticulospinal tract excitability in young and older adults using a multimodal neurophysiological approach to determine whether subcortical pathways contribute when corticospinal plasticity is age limited. Thirteen older (67\u2009\u00b1\u20095\u2009years) and 12 young adults (26\u2009\u00b1\u20096\u2009years) completed two weeks of unilateral elbow flexor strength training. Strength, cortical excitability, and reticulospinal function were evaluated in the untrained limb using single\u2010 and paired\u2010pulse TMS, StartReact, and behavioral measures. Both younger and older adults showed significant strength gains in the untrained arm (young: +22%, older: +20%), with no group\u2009\u00d7\u2009time interaction (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.556). Corticospinal excitability, assessed via stimulus\u2013response curves (100%\u2013170% aMT), remained unchanged (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.624). Intracortical facilitation increased at Week 2 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.011), while short\u2010interval intracortical inhibition did not change (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.269). Reaction times were significantly reduced across groups (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and the rate of force development increased at retention (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.019), consistent with enhanced reticulospinal excitability. Cross\u2010activation of the ipsilateral motor cortex increased at all time points in young adults (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), but only at retention in older adults (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Voluntary activation improved exclusively in older adults (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Cross\u2010education was mediated by subcortical mechanisms, notably increased reticulospinal excitability. Cortical adaptations are modest and age\u2010independent. The bilateral organization of the reticulospinal system positions it as a promising target for interventions to enhance contralateral motor output through unilateral training.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.70181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T09:40:37Z","timestamp":1765446037000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Pilot Mixed\u2010Design Study of Cross\u2010Education\u2010Related Strength Gains and Reticulospinal Involvement in Young and Older Adults"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Ummatul","family":"Siddique","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University Exercise Neuroplasticity Research Unit, School of Primary and Allied Care Monash University  Frankston Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashlyn K.","family":"Frazer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University Exercise Neuroplasticity Research Unit, School of Primary and Allied Care Monash University  Frankston Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Tallent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University Exercise Neuroplasticity Research Unit, School of Primary and Allied Care Monash University  Frankston Victoria Australia"},{"name":"School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences University of Essex  Colchester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Hayman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University Exercise Neuroplasticity Research Unit, School of Primary and Allied Care Monash University  Frankston Victoria Australia"},{"name":"School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow  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