{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T21:04:23Z","timestamp":1790888663973,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Resisted sprint training (RST) is effective for improving sprint acceleration. However, the choice of RST loads\u2212ranging from light (\u2264\u200910% of unresisted sprint maximum velocity decrement [v\n                      <jats:sub>dec<\/jats:sub>\n                      ], &lt;\u200920% of body mass [BM]) to very heavy (\u2265\u200950% v\n                      <jats:sub>dec<\/jats:sub>\n                      or \u2265\u200980% BM) \u2212remains debated. To (i) explore the effects of different RST loads and unresisted sprint training (UST) on sprint performance and macroscopic mechanical outputs (e.g., theoretical maximal horizontal force [\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      ], power [\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      ], maximal ratio of horizontal\u2010to\u2010resultant force [RF\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      ]), and (ii) investigate how participant characteristics and training parameters influence sprint performance at varying RST loads. A search of 10 databases was conducted until September 2024, with studies included if they involved longitudinal interventions using horizontal resistance (e.g., sled) and if RST was the primary difference in training between groups. Analyses included single\u2010arm (RST pre vs. post, considered exploratory only), two\u2010arm (RST vs. UST), and multi\u2010arm comparisons (different RST loads, UST, and control). Analytical models included two\u2010level, three\u2010level, and Bayesian\u2010based network meta\u2010analysis. The effects of different moderators on sprint performance and mechanical characteristics were explored through subgroup analyses and meta\u2010regressions. Certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. A total of 49 RST studies (1281 participants: 1153 males, 160 females, 64 unclear) were included. Pooled results showed RST was more effective than UST for improving sprint performance (effect size [ES]\u2009=\u2009\u22120.30, Hedges' g, Moderate GRADE). However, only moderate (\u2265\u200920%\u201350% BM or &gt;\u200910%\u201330% v\n                      <jats:sub>dec<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and very heavy RST were more effective than UST, whereas light and heavy loads (&gt;\u200950%\u201380% BM or &gt;\u200930%\u201350% v\n                      <jats:sub>dec<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) were not. Two\u2010 and multiple\u2010comparison models indicated that very heavy RST loads produced significantly greater performance improvements than light loads. The effect of RST on performance compared to UST became more pronounced with an increasing load (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.005,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.018), with a significant threshold at 20.7% BM, beyond which RST led to significantly greater performance improvements than UST (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Very heavy RST loads were particularly effective in improving\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and RF\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      compared to UST, with adaptations in\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      increasing significantly in tandem with RST (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.010,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.023). These effects were more pronounced in trained and highly trained individuals, with negligible improvements in recreationally active participants. There was an inverted U\u2010shaped relationship between training volume (total distance) and training effect: heavy loads at small volumes yielded similar benefits to light loads at large volumes. Finally, participant characteristics (age, sex) and training parameters (duration, frequency, number of training sessions, sprint phase, session volume) also influenced sprint performance improvements. Very heavy loads were generally more effective at increasing sprint performance than UST and light RST loads, with light RST showing comparable effects to UST. These findings were likely attributable to improvements in the early acceleration phase (especially 0\u20135\u2009m). Heavier loads were optimal for trained and highly trained groups, but no clear benefit of higher loads for recreational groups, suggesting light RST or UST are probably sufficient. Coaches and practitioners can refine protocols based on these findings to boost sprint performance outcomes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The original protocol was prospectively registered (osf.io\/fu82d) with the Open Science Framework<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.70182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T13:14:32Z","timestamp":1765545272000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effects of Resisted\u2010Sprint Training on Sprint Performance and Mechanics: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis Focusing on Load Magnitude"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1403-4127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Athletic Performance Shanghai University of Sport  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Jukic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) Auckland University of Technology  Auckland New Zealand"},{"name":"Faculty of Health, Sport, and Wellbeing, School of Social and Applied Sciences Abertay University  Dundee UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt R.","family":"Cross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) Auckland University of Technology  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dylan S.","family":"Hicks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders Institute for Mental Health and Wellbeing Flinders University  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6105-8797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"MingYue","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Athletic Performance Shanghai University of Sport  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9672-8067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"YuMing","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Athletic Performance Shanghai University of Sport  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"WenJing","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Athletic Performance Shanghai University of Sport  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"YanFeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Biomechanics Center, Institute of Artificial Intelligence in Sports Capital University of Physical Education and Sports  Beijing People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ZhiDe","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports Macao Polytechnic University  Rua de Gomes Macau China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Athletic Performance Shanghai University of Sport  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean\u2010Beno\u00eet","family":"Morin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) Auckland University of Technology  Auckland New Zealand"},{"name":"Inter\u2010University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424 University Jean Monnet Saint\u2010Etienne, Lyon 1, University Savoie Mont\u2010Blanc  Saint\u2010Etienne France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Girard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Science (Exercise and Sport Sciences) The University of Western Australia  Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","article-title":"Individualization of Training Based on Sprint Force\u2010Velocity Profiles: A Conceptual Framework for Biomechanical and Technical Training Recommendations","volume":"10","author":"Hicks D. 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