{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T16:38:23Z","timestamp":1788453503806,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study aimed to examine whether second\u2010generation oral contraceptive (OC) users exhibit greater muscle hypertrophy following resistance training compared to non\u2010users across various targeted muscle groups. Fourteen young, untrained women using OCs (aged 28\u2009\u00b1\u20094\u2009years) and 12 eumenorrheic non\u2010users (NOC, aged 30\u2009\u00b1\u20094\u2009years) underwent a 12\u2010week resistance training programme. The thickness of seven muscles in the upper\u2010 and lower\u2010limbs was measured using ultrasound, while body composition was assessed with dual\u2010energy X\u2010ray absorptiometry, and the maximal torque of all relevant joints was tested before and after the intervention. Our results demonstrated a greater increase in arm lean tissue mass (LTM) in OC users (10.5%) compared to non\u2010users (6.6%, time \u00d7 group interaction\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.002). Additionally, greater hypertrophic gains were observed in three specific muscle groups in OC users (4.5%\u20137.9%) compared to non\u2010users (1.5%\u20133.1%, time \u00d7 group interaction,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2264\u20090.036). Despite these group differences in muscle growth, no group differences in strength gains were observed. This study indicates that second\u2010generation OC users exhibit greater hypertrophic gains in specific muscle groups and a greater accretion of arm LTM compared to eumenorrheic non\u2010users of OC. Further research is warranted to explore the physiological mechanisms behind the differences in muscle growth during resistance training between users and non\u2010users of OC.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.70189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T10:29:10Z","timestamp":1766226550000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Second\u2010Generation Oral Contraceptive Use Is Associated With Greater Muscle Hypertrophy Following Resistance Training"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Mia R\u00f8kke","family":"Holm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Performance Norwegian School of Sport Sciences  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e5gen","family":"Holtvedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Performance 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