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Participants completed either continuous running at the velocity associated with the respiratory compensation point (vRCP; CONT\n                    <jats:sub>100%RCP<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200912) or intermittent running at 50% above vRCP (HIIT\n                    <jats:sub>150%RCP<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200910). Assessments were performed at baseline, immediately after, and at 2, 4, and 24\u2009h postexercise. These included voluntary and evoked knee\u2010extensor contractions, countermovement jumps, mood state, cardiac autonomic modulation, and cardiorespiratory and perceptual responses during submaximal brief runs. Compared to placebo and regardless of preceding running protocol, CWI\n                    <jats:sub>11\u00b0<\/jats:sub>\n                    enhanced cardiac vagal modulation at 2\u2009h postexercise (condition\u2009\u00d7\u2009time interaction,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), whereas HWI\n                    <jats:sub>41\u00b0<\/jats:sub>\n                    reduced oxygen consumption rate during submaximal brief runs within 24\u2009h postexercise (condition effect,\n                    <jats:italic>p\u2009&lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u20090.05). Furthermore, compared to placebo, HWI\n                    <jats:sub>41\u00b0<\/jats:sub>\n                    increased\n                    <jats:italic>vastus lateralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    activation during maximal voluntary contractions (RMS\/M\u2010wave\n                    <jats:sub>amp<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) 2 and 4\u2009h after the CONT\n                    <jats:sub>100%RCP<\/jats:sub>\n                    , while CWI\n                    <jats:sub>11\u00b0<\/jats:sub>\n                    increased it at the same time points after the HIIT\n                    <jats:sub>150%RCP<\/jats:sub>\n                    (condition\u2009\u00d7\u2009time interactions,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The efficacy of CWI\n                    <jats:sub>11\u00b0<\/jats:sub>\n                    and HWI\n                    <jats:sub>41\u00b0<\/jats:sub>\n                    as recovery interventions after running depended on the specific component of fatigability being assessed and the preceding exercise protocol. While CWI\n                    <jats:sub>11\u00b0<\/jats:sub>\n                    increased cardiac vagal modulation and HWI\n                    <jats:sub>41\u00b0<\/jats:sub>\n                    reduced oxygen consumption rate in post\u2010intervention submaximal brief runs, neither intervention improved knee\u2010extensor voluntary or involuntary peak force, perceptual responses, or mood disturbance. Both HWI\n                    <jats:sub>41\u00b0<\/jats:sub>\n                    and CWI\n                    <jats:sub>11\u00b0<\/jats:sub>\n                    enhanced muscle activation during maximal voluntary contractions; however, this benefit was observed with HWI\n                    <jats:sub>41\u00b0<\/jats:sub>\n                    after continuous endurance running and with CWI\n                    <jats:sub>11\u00b0<\/jats:sub>\n                    following high\u2010intensity intermittent running.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.70191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T15:15:38Z","timestamp":1766762138000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Hot\u2010 and Cold\u2010Water Immersion Do Not Alter Performance or Perceived Fatigability but Improve Muscle Activation, Cardiac Vagal Modulation, and Cardiorespiratory Recovery After Distinct Running Protocols"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Yago Medeiros","family":"Dutra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), School of Sciences S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP)  Bauru Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paloma Tavares","family":"Mendon\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), School of Sciences S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP)  Bauru Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3862-2967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arthur J.","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muscle Health Research Centre, Faculty of Health, School of Kinesiology and Health Science York University  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6460-6453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan M.","family":"Murias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health and Life Sciences Hamad Bin Khalifa University  Doha Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1065-4158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro Moura","family":"Zagatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), School of Sciences S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP)  Bauru 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