{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T03:39:52Z","timestamp":1769312392654,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017190","name":"Anti Doping Danmark","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) use is associated with various health risks, yet its impact on healthcare expenditures remains insufficiently explored. This nationwide register\u2010based study examined direct healthcare costs among 1183 males sanctioned for AAS use in Denmark between 2006 and 2017, compared with 59\u2009150 age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched controls from the general population. Healthcare costs were calculated across primary care, hospital services, and prescription drugs, with up to 10\u2009years of follow\u2010up. AAS users had significantly higher total healthcare costs, with a mean excess of 3299 euros (EUR) per person (95% CI: 1857\u20134742;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) over the follow\u2010up period, corresponding to approximately EUR 537 per AAS user per year. This represents a 45% increase over controls, whose average total costs were EUR 7393 per person. The cost difference was primarily driven by hospital care but was also evident in primary care and prescription medication use. Cumulative cost differences increased steadily over time and remained consistent across most diagnostic categories. AAS users were relatively young and otherwise expected to have low healthcare use, suggesting a notable health burden in this group. These findings add real\u2010world evidence on the healthcare implications of AAS use and highlight a sustained cost difference between AAS users and controls over a prolonged period. Continued follow\u2010up may be necessary to fully capture long\u2010term costs, particularly as some complications may appear years after use.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.70206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T14:39:55Z","timestamp":1767451195000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Healthcare Costs Associated With Anabolic Steroid Use: A Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6436-1567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrik","family":"Horwitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9e Hangaard","family":"Olesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nordic Institute of Health Economics  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josefine","family":"Windfeld\u2010Mathiasen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kim Peder","family":"Dalhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jon Tr\u00e6rup","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Middelboe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lars Holger","family":"Ehlers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nordic Institute of Health Economics  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ida M.","family":"Heerfordt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/nsad-2015-0002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2013.12118.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.124.071117"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.3180"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2013-1058"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01801-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13843"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwad362"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161208"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09687637.2016.1231173"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S179083"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810387965"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.04.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/14034948251340489","article-title":"Disability Pension Among Androgenic\u2010Anabolic Steroid Users","volume":"2025","author":"Heerfordt I. 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