{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T06:03:03Z","timestamp":1769493783256,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Most research on non\u2010prescribed androgen use has focused on men, while women remain underrepresented in the literature, despite unique risks such as virilization and reproductive consequences. This is one of the largest described cohorts of females who use androgen, all of whom underwent in\u2010person consultation, allowing for a more reliable characterization compared to previous studies. We conducted a retrospective chart review of all female patients with a history of non\u2010prescribed androgen use attending a harm reduction clinic in the Netherlands between April 2023 and August 2025. Demographics, training background, motivations, patterns of androgen, and other performance\u2010 and image\u2010enhancing drug (PIED) use were extracted. Descriptive statistics were applied. Forty\u2010one women were included (median age 33\u2009years, range 22\u201359). All performed weekly resistance training, and most (75%) were competitive amateur bodybuilders. The primary motivation was improvement of body composition, muscle size, and strength. Most reported intermittent oral cycles with oxandrolone. Continuous use beyond 1\u2009year was rare. The most frequently used androgen was oxandrolone (88%). Clenbuterol, thyroid hormone, and growth hormone were the most frequent non\u2010androgen PIEDs. Androgen use in this outpatient female cohort was characterized by lower dosages than commonly reported in male cohorts, predominantly oral administration, and motivations tied almost exclusively to bodybuilding or strength sports. While these patterns may reduce some dose\u2010dependent risks such as heart failure, reliance on oral androgens increases the risk of hepatotoxicity and adverse lipid effects. A prospective study with a systematic approach is required to provide more reliable data on the health risk of androgen use in women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.70207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T11:34:12Z","timestamp":1768649652000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Androgen Use Among Female Amateur Athletes: A Retrospective Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9935-5968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tijs Johannes","family":"Verdegaal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Spaarne Gasthuis, Boerhaavelaan  Haarlem the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Amsterdam UMC  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Performance and Image\u2010Enhancing Drugs Research Android Health Clinic  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manon","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Performance and Image\u2010Enhancing Drugs Research Android Health Clinic  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Bond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Performance and Image\u2010Enhancing Drugs Research Android Health Clinic  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Willem","family":"de Ronde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Spaarne Gasthuis, Boerhaavelaan  Haarlem the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Amsterdam UMC  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diederik Laurens","family":"Smit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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