{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T21:28:53Z","timestamp":1786483733253,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    As the Milano\u2010Cortina 2026 Winter Olympics approach, a consolidated understanding of performance determinants across the diverse spectrum of ice sports is crucial, yet the scientific literature remains unevenly distributed. This structured narrative review synthesizes available evidence on key performance\u2010determining factors and contemporary training characteristics for Olympic ice sports, based on topic\u2010driven literature searches and qualitative synthesis. Disciplines are grouped according to their primary performance demands. (1) High\u2010volume gliding sports (long\u2010 and short\u2010track speed skating): Performance balances biomechanical efficiency (e.g., aerodynamic posture) against physiological constraints. This necessitates high annual training volumes (900\u20131100\u2009h\u00b7year\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), polarized, mixed\u2010modal training, with short\u2010track adding critical tactical and pack\u2010dynamic elements. (2) Exposure\u2010driven gravity sports (bobsleigh, skeleton, luge): Performance is overwhelmingly determined by start velocity, with the initial 15\u201365\u2009m contributing disproportionately to overall race outcome. Bobsleigh and skeleton training mirrors sprint athletes, prioritizing lower\u2010body power, while luge demands explosive upper\u2010body strength. (3) Arena\u2010based sports (ice hockey, figure skating, curling): These sports show varied demands. Ice hockey requires managing high\u2010intensity intermittent efforts, with 40%\u201350% of on\u2010ice distance performed at high skating speeds; figure skating hinges on the power and precision of high\u2010value jumps (e.g., triple and quadruple rotations); and curling relies on delivery accuracy and sweeping strength\u2010endurance. Sex\u2010specific differences, often related to absolute power output (skating, sliding) and biomechanics, are evident, although evidence remains limited or uneven across several disciplines. Rather than providing prescriptive training models, this review identifies discipline\u2010specific training priorities and key gaps in the current evidence base relevant to athlete preparation for Milano\u2010Cortina 2026.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.70213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T19:38:40Z","timestamp":1771443520000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Olympic Ice Sports: A Narrative Review and Perspectives Toward Milano\u2010Cortina 2026"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4686-8561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Billy","family":"Sperlich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science and Training University of W\u00fcrzburg  W\u00fcrzburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9008-4989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Zoppirolli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CeRiSM (Research Centre of Mountain Sport and Health) University of Verona  Rovereto Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement University of Verona  Verona Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florentina","family":"Hettinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Movement Sciences Faculty of Behavioural and Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay Slater","family":"Hannigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy University of Illinois at Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffi","family":"Colyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Health University of Bath  Bath UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeppe F.","family":"Vigh\u2010Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8787-6659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Fornasiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CeRiSM (Research Centre of Mountain Sport and Health) University of Verona  Rovereto Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement University of Verona  Verona Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3814-6246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans\u2010Christer","family":"Holmberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Division of Machine Elements Lule\u00e5 University of Technology  Lule\u00e5 Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum C5 Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1994.77.5.2311"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1025005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002239"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2014-0603"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237331"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2022.2069513"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768\u2010199010000\u201000026"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01095.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.8.2.188"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279\u2010014\u20100298\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2012\u20100210"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768\u2010199910000\u201000012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00619"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2015\u20100137"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","first-page":"191","article-title":"Aerodynamic Interaction Between Two Speed Skaters Measured in a Closed Wind Tunnel","volume":"13","author":"Elfmark O.","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Sport and Health Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2023.2223034"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17479541251386161"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2019\u20100544"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798\u2010025\u201000848\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2023.1258585"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.760900"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279\u2010018\u20100937\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2015\u20100384"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2023.2238162"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2018.1441898"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2025.2557400"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31826c58dd"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2023\u20100055"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2018.1504375"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a\u20100770\u20104699"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12429"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2021.1933351"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410802613425"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2016.1261183"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2025.2458983"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0967\u20103334\/37\/4\/596"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2015\u20100631"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e318207ed7a"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36950\/2024.4ciss020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14763140508522863"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2017\u20100110"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410802549751"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14284"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.831723"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001999"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sports7070173"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002370"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256\u2010200535090\u201000003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003836"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003285"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002265"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181ecd072"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004175"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199512000-00019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021\u20100317"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3182651fd2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/h05\u2010153"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2021.1997407"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2025.1597598"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640419208729904"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001452"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2025.2464787"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4085\/1062\u20106050\u20100373.21"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0001156304.18589.bf"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42978-021-00124-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2024.1291241"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201019303\u20104"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_70_1","first-page":"495","article-title":"The Sports Science of Curling: A Practical Review","volume":"8","author":"Bradley J. L.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Sports Science and Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2025.1587118"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020833"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/00126548-200706000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010024\u201082685\u20100"}],"container-title":["Scandinavian Journal of Medicine &amp; Science in Sports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/sms.70213","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/sms.70213","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/sms.70213","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T20:43:46Z","timestamp":1786481026000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/sms.70213"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/sms.70213"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.70213","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0905-7188","1600-0838"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0905-7188","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0838","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70213"}}