{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T15:07:09Z","timestamp":1791558429543,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":195,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study compares the effects of high\u2010intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate\u2010to\u2010vigorous\u2010intensity continuous training (MVICT) on physiological adaptations and physical performance across a broad population, from the general public to athletes. Additionally, it also explores how participant characteristics (e.g., sex, age, and training status) and training protocol parameters (e.g., mode, interval type, and intensity) influence the comparison. Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and CNKI databases, completed on September 21, 2024. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials comparing the chronic effects of HIIT and MVICT. A three\u2010level meta\u2010analysis was employed to calculate standardized mean differences (SMD, Hedge's\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), with subgroup analyses and meta\u2010regression used to examine potential moderators of any observed effects. A total of 115 studies involving 3196 participants were included, with a mean age range from 8 to 68\u2009years, spanning populations from untrained sedentary individuals to elite\/world\u2010class athletes. Compared to MVICT, HIIT demonstrated significantly superior improvements in relative maximal oxygen uptake (SD\u2009=\u20091.30\u2009mL\u00b7kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00b7min\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.39, 95% CI [0.27, 0.51]), absolute maximal oxygen uptake (SD\u2009=\u20090.09\u2009L\u00b7min\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.29, 95% CI [0.15, 0.43]), maximal aerobic power\/speed (\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.31, 95% CI [0.17, 0.47]), and mean anaerobic power (\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.47, 95% CI [0.08, 0.86]). No significant differences were observed between HIIT and MVICT in peak anaerobic power (\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.31, 95% CI [\u22120.06, 0.68]), first intensity thresholds (\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.43, 95% CI [\u22120.38, 1.25]), second intensity threshold (\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.06, 95% CI [\u22120.25, 0.36]), exercise economy (\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.26, 95% CI [\u22120.03, 0.54]), and on indices of physical performance (\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.04, 95% CI [\u22120.46, 0.54]). Subgroup analyses revealed that training status (6\u2010tiered participant classification framework), age, sex, interval type, and exercise mode significantly moderated the effect. Specifically, compared to MVICT, HIIT demonstrated greater improvements in maximal oxygen uptake among individuals at Tier 0 (inactive;\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.34), Tier 1 (recreationally active;\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.57), and Tier 3 (elite\/national;\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.83), in males (\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.43) and mixed\u2010sex populations (\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.42), using short\u2010interval (\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.55) or long\u2010interval HIIT (\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.57), and with rowing (\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.71), running (\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.53), or cycling (\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.29) as the training modes. Compared to MVICT, HIIT offers superior benefits for improving maximal oxygen uptake and anaerobic capacity, whereas both modalities show comparable outcomes for intensity thresholds, exercise economy, and physical performance. The relative superiority of HIIT compared to MVICT is influenced by participant characteristics (e.g., training background, age, and sex) and by the characteristics of the HIIT protocol.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.70243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T07:40:16Z","timestamp":1773128416000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["One Size Does Not Fit All: A Meta\u2010Analysis of 115 Trials Comparing High\u2010Intensity Interval and Moderate\u2010to\u2010Vigorous\u2010Intensity Continuous Training Across Diverse Participants, Protocols, and Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Bi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Athletic Performance Shanghai University of Sport  Shanghai China"},{"name":"School of Physical Education Taiyuan Normal University  Taiyuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6105-8797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingyue","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Athletic Performance Shanghai University of Sport  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1403-4127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Athletic Performance Shanghai University of Sport  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Marcotte\u2010Ch\u00e9nard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Development The University of British Columbia \u2013 Okanagan  Kelowna Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9672-8067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuming","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Athletic Performance Shanghai University of Sport  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengqiu","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Athletic Performance Shanghai University of Sport  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niels","family":"Vollaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Science and Sport University of Stirling  Stirling UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Metcalfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A\u2010STEM) Research Centre Swansea University  Swansea UK"},{"name":"Welsh Institute of Physical Activity, Health and Sport (WIPAHS) Swansea University  Swansea UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2953-3911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Nassis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Sport Science University of Kalba  Sharjah UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Girard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Science (Exercise and Sport Science) University of Western  Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Bishop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health and Sport (IHES) Victoria University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Athletic Performance Shanghai University of Sport  Shanghai China"},{"name":"School of Coaching Shanghai University of Sport  Shanghai China"},{"name":"China Institute of Sport Science  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0000000000000483"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.04.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.681"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.05.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2023-0329"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200029060-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181b1b21b"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","first-page":"501","article-title":"Effect of Training on the Anaerobic Capacity","volume":"22","author":"Medb\u00f8 J. 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