{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T03:31:42Z","timestamp":1788492702009,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006559","name":"University of Tsukuba","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006559","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Endurance training elicits profound cardiovascular adaptations, including lower heart rate (HR), greater stroke volume (SV), and enhanced aortic Windkessel function. This study aimed to investigate cerebral blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow dynamics in endurance athletes and their relations with cardiovascular parameters. Fifteen young male endurance athletes were compared with 19 age\u2010matched sedentary male controls. In the resting supine condition, CINE phase\u2010contrast MRI acquired the extra\u2010 and intracranial cerebral blood and CSF flow waveforms, as well as HR, SV, and ascending aortic cross\u2010sectional area waveform. Cerebral blood and CSF flow volume (mL\/beat) and rate (mL\/min) were quantified for the full cardiac cycle and separately for systolic and diastolic phases. Aortic cross\u2010sectional area change was temporally integrated to quantify aortic expansion and recoil. Athletes exhibited higher aortic recoil (5.7\u2009cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00b7s [4.1, 7.3] vs. 4.1\u2009cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00b7s [2.6, 5.6]) and SV (97\u2009\u00b1\u200918\u2009mL vs. 82\u2009\u00b1\u200911\u2009mL) and lower HR (53\u2009\u00b1\u20096\u2009bpm vs. 67\u2009\u00b1\u200912\u2009bpm) than controls. Total cerebral arterial blood and CSF flow volumes and rates across the full cardiac cycle were similar between groups; however, athletes showed significantly greater diastolic arterial flow volume and lower systolic arterial flow rate. The association between lower HR and greater diastolic arterial flow volume was mediated by higher aortic recoil across all participants. These results suggest that enhanced aortic recoil in endurance athletes sustains diastolic cerebral arterial flow volume across a prolonged cardiac cycle, enabling more efficient brain perfusion with fewer cardiac cycles than sedentary controls.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.70261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T08:38:47Z","timestamp":1773304727000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cerebral Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow Dynamics in Endurance Athletes: Associations With Aortic Recoil and Heart Rate"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0786-8809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisuke","family":"Hoshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology  Tsukuba Japan"},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Department of Sports Sciences Japan Institute of Sports Sciences  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Fukuie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology  Tsukuba Japan"},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsubasa","family":"Tomoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology  Tsukuba Japan"},{"name":"Integrated Research Center for Self\u2010Care Technology National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology  Tsukuba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center Albert Einstein College of Medicine  Bronx New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas  Dallas Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keigo","family":"Ohyama\u2010Byun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Sport Sciences University of Tsukuba  Ibaraki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seiji","family":"Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Sport Sciences University of Tsukuba  Ibaraki Japan"},{"name":"Sports Physiology, School of Sport Sciences Waseda University  Saitama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2603-0692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Sugawara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology  Tsukuba Japan"},{"name":"Integrated Research Center for Self\u2010Care Technology National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology  Tsukuba Japan"},{"name":"Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas  Dallas Texas USA"},{"name":"Institute of Health and Sport Sciences University of Tsukuba  Ibaraki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Tarumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology  Tsukuba Japan"},{"name":"Integrated Research Center for Self\u2010Care Technology National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology  Tsukuba Japan"},{"name":"Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas  Dallas Texas USA"},{"name":"Institute of Health and Sport Sciences University of Tsukuba  Ibaraki 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