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Sixteen male NRFS runners completed biomechanical and metabolic testing under both footwear conditions at a constant speed of 15\u2009km\/h. Compared with NAFT, the HAFT reduced energy cost by 2.9% after corrected for shoe mass (HAFT: 14.54\u2009\u00b1\u20091.00\u2009W\/kg; NAFT: 14.98\u2009\u00b1\u20091.09\u2009W\/kg;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.001). Meanwhile, when running in the HAFT, which featured greater midsole compression (HAFT: 2.35\u2009\u00b1\u20090.08\u2009cm; NAFT: 1.69\u2009\u00b1\u20090.08\u2009cm;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), higher energy storage (HAFT: 15.64\u2009\u00b1\u20091.45\u2009J; NAFT: 11.03\u2009\u00b1\u20091.45\u2009J;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and higher energy return (HAFT: 14.00\u2009\u00b1\u20091.30\u2009J; NAFT: 9.87\u2009\u00b1\u20091.30\u2009J;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) than NAFT, runners exhibited increased leg stiffness (HAFT: 33.62\u2009\u00b1\u20096.03 kN\/m; NAFT: 29.56\u2009\u00b1\u20095.54 kN\/m;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.001), and higher distal rearfoot positive work (HAFT: 0.86\u2009\u00b1\u20090.35\u2009J\/kg; NAFT: 0.41\u2009\u00b1\u20090.11\u2009J\/kg;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). These improvements could be explained by a combination of direct mechanical effects (greater midsole energy storage and return), biomechanically mediated effects (changes in lower\u2010limb energetics), and shoe\u2013runner interaction effects, consistent with an NRFS\u2010oriented hollow\u2010structured plate\u2013foam design.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.70280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T11:50:40Z","timestamp":1775908240000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Hollow\u2010Structured Advanced Footwear Technology Improves Running Economy Through Enhanced Energy Storage and Return in Sub\u20103\u2010Hour Non\u2010Rearfoot Strike Marathon Runners"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0629-654X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bokai","family":"Suo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education Shanghai University of Sport  Shanghai China"},{"name":"School of Intelligent Sports Engineering Shanghai University of Sport  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengqin","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Company Limited  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaicheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education Shanghai University of Sport  Shanghai 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