{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T15:22:57Z","timestamp":1788880977731,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K24K02818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24K02818"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Shear stress\u2013mediated increases in blood flow are key physiological stimuli that regulate vascular endothelial function. This study assessed whether alternating lower\u2010leg immersion in mild\u2010cold (25\u00b0C) and hot water (42\u00b0C), with longer durations and repeated cycles, induces greater increases in post\u2010immersion blood flow. Sixteen healthy adults (11 males, 5 females; age, 23\u2009\u00b1\u20096\u2009years) completed four randomized trials involving unilateral immersion of the left lower leg in mild\u2010cold and hot water: 3\u2009min each \u00d72 (3CH2), 6\u2009min each \u00d71 (6CH1), 3\u2009min each \u00d74 (3CH4), and 6\u2009min each \u00d72 (6CH2). After immersion, skin blood flow (SkBF) was significantly higher in 6CH2 than that in 3CH2 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), and popliteal artery (PA) blood flow was higher in 6CH2 than that in all other trials (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), with significant time \u00d7 trial interactions (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The area under the curve (AUC) for post\u2010immersion SkBF was higher in 6CH2 than that in 3CH2 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), and PA AUC was greater in 6CH2 than that in all other trials (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Core temperature remained unchanged, and cardiovascular variables exhibited only minor changes within the resting physiological range across all trials. Therefore, alternating mild\u2010cold and hot water immersions with longer and repeated cycles significantly increased lower\u2010leg blood flow following immersion. This strategy may represent a safe and well\u2010tolerated local thermal intervention for increasing peripheral circulation, including in individuals unable to engage in exercise or tolerate whole\u2010body heating.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.70284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T12:41:18Z","timestamp":1776256878000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of Alternating Mild\u2010Cold and Hot Water Immersion on Lower\u2010Leg Blood Flow Following Immersion in Healthy Young Adults"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Atsuya","family":"Toya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Physiology for Exercise Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine  Osaka City Osaka 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