{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T18:43:43Z","timestamp":1776883423940,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study characterized physiological and biomechanical differences between track and treadmill running in elite distance runners at race\u2010relevant intensities. Nine male Tier 4 runners (5000\u2009m personal best: 13:35\u2009\u00b1\u20090:03\u2009min:s; 10\u2009000\u2009m: 27:44\u2009\u00b1\u20090:06\u2009min:s) completed six\u2010stage incremental tests (286\u2013375\u2009m\u00b7min\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) on both a 300\u2010m track and a motorized treadmill (0% grade) in a randomized crossover design. Blood lactate concentration was significantly higher during track running across all stages (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001,\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b7<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    p\u2009=\u20090.784), with the difference increasing progressively from 1.0\u2009mmol\u00b7L\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    at stage 1 to 3.7\u2009mmol\u00b7L\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    at stage 6 (condition \u00d7 stage interaction:\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001,\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b7<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.624). Running velocities at fixed blood lactate concentrations were lower during track running at both 4\u2009mmol\u00b7L\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    (329.6\u2009\u00b1\u20094.3 vs. 345.1\u2009\u00b1\u20094.1\u2009m\u00b7min\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.008) and 6\u2009mmol\u00b7L\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    (344.2\u2009\u00b1\u20093.1 vs. 359.4\u2009\u00b1\u20093.8\u2009m\u00b7min\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.012), corresponding to velocity adjustments of approximately 7\u20138\u2009s\u00b7km\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Ground contact times were significantly longer during track running at high intensities. In eight runners with 10\u2009000\u2009m season bests, track\u2010based velocity at 6\u2009mmol\u00b7L\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    demonstrated superior predictive validity (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.973,\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.948,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) compared to treadmill assessment (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.695,\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.483,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.061). Track and treadmill lactate assessments are not interchangeable for training prescription; track\u2010based assessment should be prioritized when feasible. At threshold speeds typical of this cohort (~21\u2009km\u00b7h\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), treadmill\u2010derived threshold velocities exceeded track\u2010derived values by approximately 7\u20138\u2009s\u00b7km\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Practitioners should apply this correction in both directions: when transferring treadmill\u2010derived zones to track training, prescribed track velocities should be reduced by this margin; conversely, to replicate equivalent track intensity on a treadmill, treadmill speed should be raised by the same amount. The required correction is speed\u2010dependent and increases at higher running velocities.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.70286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T12:27:03Z","timestamp":1776169623000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Track and Treadmill Lactate Assessments Are Not Interchangeable for Training Prescription in Elite Distance Runners"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for General Education Tokyo Keizai University  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Research Institute of Physical Fitness Japan Women's College of Physical Education  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6412-9010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naoya","family":"Takei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Physical Fitness Japan Women's College of Physical Education  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Arts and Sciences The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fumiya","family":"Tanji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Department of Competitive Sports Tokai University  Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Yamanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Human Health Kurume University  Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tetsuro","family":"Saeki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Physical Fitness Japan Women's College of Physical Education  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/R-19725.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200737100-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200939060-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2004.00418.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01087-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01237-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","first-page":"257","article-title":"Some Fundamental Aspects of the Biomechanics of Overground Versus Treadmill Locomotion","volume":"12","author":"Ingen Schenau G. 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