{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T06:47:30Z","timestamp":1782283650387,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between morphological and mechanical characteristics of the free Achilles tendon (AT\n                    <jats:sub>Free<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) in\u00a0vivo. The morphological features were characterized in terms of overall dimensions (length and cross\u2010sectional area) and internal fascicular organization (longitudinal alignment and transverse structure). Their associations with AT\n                    <jats:sub>Free<\/jats:sub>\n                    mechanical characteristics, including stiffness and elastic modulus (E\u2010modulus), were examined under low\u2010load passive conditions. Eighteen healthy adults participated. AT\n                    <jats:sub>Free<\/jats:sub>\n                    length and cross\u2010sectional area (CSA) were quantified from MRI\u2010based three\u2010dimensional reconstructions with the ankle positioned at 20\u00b0 plantar flexion and 20\u00b0 dorsiflexion. Passive ankle torque was measured to estimate AT\n                    <jats:sub>Free<\/jats:sub>\n                    stiffness and E\u2010modulus. B\u2010mode ultrasound images acquired at a standardized site of the AT\n                    <jats:sub>Free<\/jats:sub>\n                    were analyzed digitally using a two\u2010dimensional Fourier transform\u2010based framework, from which the mean horizontal and vertical peak spatial frequency components (PSF\u2010H and PSF\u2010V; reflecting fascicle longitudinal alignment and transverse structure respectively) were extracted as textural parameters. Simple linear regression revealed that AT\n                    <jats:sub>Free<\/jats:sub>\n                    stiffness (515\u2009\u00b1\u2009119\u2009N\u00b7mm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) was positively predicted by CSA (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.526,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.025) but showed no significant association with tendon length or E\u2010modulus. In contrast, E\u2010modulus (485\u2009\u00b1\u200978\u2009MPa) was negatively associated with PSF\u2010H (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.540,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.021), whereas PSF\u2010V was not predictive and exhibited minimal interindividual variation. These findings suggest two distinct morphology\u2010mechanics links in the AT\n                    <jats:sub>Free<\/jats:sub>\n                    under low tensile load: greater CSA is associated with higher stiffness, whereas more longitudinally aligned fascicles (reflected by lower PSF\u2010H) correspond to a higher apparent material property (E\u2010modulus).\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.70316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T10:54:57Z","timestamp":1781002497000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Morphology\u2010Mechanics Links of the Free Achilles Tendon Revealed by Three\u2010Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Ultrasound Texture Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2027-6464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongyu","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Sport Sciences Waseda University  Tokorozawa Saitama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0588-4039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasuo","family":"Kawakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport Sciences Waseda University  Tokorozawa Saitama Japan"},{"name":"Human Performance Laboratory Comprehensive Research Organization of Waseda University  Shinjuku Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","first-page":"884","volume-title":"Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Medicine and Surgery","author":"Williams P.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","first-page":"71","volume-title":"Basic Orthopaedic Sciences: The Stanmore Guide","author":"Tai C. C.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7600\/jpfsm.1.287"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280701785494"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2023.111583"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.91212.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2024.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2012.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003020"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.02.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-023-00604-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2011.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00654.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-020-02635-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-201X.2003.01048.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12342"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-5629(99)00031-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2007.912389"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0451"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.20421"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.08.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","first-page":"5","volume-title":"The Achilles Tendon","author":"Benjamin M.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2012.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12242"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-001-1161-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","first-page":"69","article-title":"A Guide to Appropriate Use of Correlation Coefficient in Medical Research","volume":"24","author":"Mukaka M. M.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Malawi Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","first-page":"125","article-title":"Biomechanics of Ligaments and Tendons","volume":"6","author":"David L.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01695-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2012.0362"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20938"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4026285"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.25408"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.539135"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.84B1.0840001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12835"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.70042"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2020.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-010-1083-7"}],"container-title":["Scandinavian Journal of Medicine &amp; Science in Sports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/sms.70316","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/sms.70316","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/sms.70316","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T05:56:29Z","timestamp":1782280589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/sms.70316"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/sms.70316"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.70316","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0905-7188","1600-0838"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0905-7188","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0838","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70316"}}