{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T06:47:30Z","timestamp":1782283650373,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006425","name":"National Football League Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006425","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    To determine whether elite collegiate athletes with a prior hamstring strain injury (HSI) display persistent deficits in hamstring muscle morphology and muscle\u2010tendon unit (MTU) mechanics during sprinting, and whether MRI\u2010informed, subject\u2010specific musculoskeletal models detect limb differences that scaled\u2010generic models overlook. This study analyzed data from the Hamstring Injury (HAMIR) study. Seventy\u2010nine NCAA Division I male football players (106 previously injured vs. 52 uninjured control limbs) completed maximal\u2010velocity over\u2010ground sprints instrumented with inertial measurement units (100\u2009Hz) and underwent 3\u2010T MRI for whole\u2010hamstring volumetry. Sprint kinematics drove both scaled\u2010generic and MRI\u2010informed subject\u2010specific OpenSim models. Peak MTU strain, lengthening velocity, force, and negative work were extracted for biceps femoris long head (BFlh), biceps femoris short head (BFsh), semimembranosus (SM), and semitendinosus (ST). Limb effects were analyzed with linear mixed models (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.05). Previously injured limbs demonstrated ~5% smaller normalized muscle volumes for both BFlh (1.67\u2009\u00b1\u20090.36 vs. 1.76\u2009\u00b1\u20090.35\u2009mL\/kg\/m,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.009) and BFsh (0.92\u2009\u00b1\u20090.18 vs. 0.97\u2009\u00b1\u20090.19\u2009mL\/kg\/m,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.007). Peak MTU lengthening velocity was faster in injured limbs for BFlh (+3%), SM (+5%), and ST (+5%) (all\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2264\u20090.02), with no limb differences in joint kinematics, peak strain, or generic\u2010model forces. Subject\u2010specific models revealed lower BFsh peak force (1.10\u2009\u00b1\u20090.21 vs. 1.14\u2009\u00b1\u20090.22\u2009\u00d7\u2009body weight,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.03) and reduced negative work (\u221213.4\u2009\u00b1\u20096.8 vs. \u221215.3\u2009\u00b1\u20097.5\u2009J,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.01), differences that the generic model did not detect. Although sprint kinematics were similar between limbs, those with prior HSI exhibited persistent BFlh and BFsh atrophy and subtle muscle\u2010specific mechanical deficits. Reduced BFsh force and negative work were evident only with MRI\u2010informed modeling. Integrating imaging with wearable\u2010driven, subject\u2010specific simulations could enhance rehabilitation monitoring and guide loading strategies to mitigate reinjury risk.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Trial Registration:<\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\">ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    : NCT05343052\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.70317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T10:25:18Z","timestamp":1781000718000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of Prior Hamstring Strain Injury on Muscle Morphology and Sprinting Biomechanics in Collegiate American Football Athletes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3330-8402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott","family":"Hulm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Behavioural and Health Sciences Australian Catholic University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi\u2010Chung","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Behavioural and Health Sciences Australian Catholic University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6180-6003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nirav","family":"Maniar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Behavioural and Health Sciences Australian Catholic University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan G.","family":"Timmins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Behavioural and Health Sciences Australian Catholic University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Research and Scientific Support Department Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital  Doha Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2764-698X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jack T.","family":"Hickey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Sport Science and Nutrition Maynooth University  Maynooth County Kildare Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan C.","family":"Heiderscheit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Badger Athletic Performance Program, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia S.","family":"Blemker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Virginia  Charlottesville Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Opar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Behavioural and Health Sciences Australian Catholic University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-104936"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2020-001010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-105407"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2007.05.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318236a3d2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181f23fe8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-008-0546-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182776eff"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001333"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.02.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181a55200"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2019.1664030"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12464"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","first-page":"605","volume-title":"Biomechanics 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