{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T11:52:34Z","timestamp":1791028354654,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Growing evidence supports strength or resistance training (RT) as an effective method for enhancing cycling performance, but many cyclists remain reluctant to incorporate it due to perceived detrimental effects, such as excessive residual fatigue and unwanted hypertrophy. Furthermore, controversy persists regarding optimal training methodologies. This narrative review aims to summarize current evidence on the effects of RT on cycling performance, as well as to address its potential impact on body composition and bone health. We also provide evidence\u2010based recommendations on best practices for RT implementation. Overall, the addition of 1\u20132 weekly sessions of RT with moderate\u2010to\u2010high loads (60%\u201385% 1RM), 2\u20134 sets per exercise across 3\u20135 compound lower\u2010body movements, and limited intra\u2010set fatigue (10%\u201320% velocity loss) has proven beneficial for improving key cycling performance indicators. Recent evidence also suggests that high\u2010load on\u2010bike torque training may serve as an effective strategy when conventional RT is not feasible. When implemented as described, RT does not appear to negatively affect performance through unwanted hypertrophy. Although further research is warranted, RT also emerges as a potentially effective strategy to counteract the low bone mineral density commonly observed in competitive cyclists. However, the magnitude of these benefits largely depends on precise programming, particularly intensity, proximity to failure, and temporal separation from endurance training sessions. In summary, current evidence supports the role of RT for improving both health and performance in cyclists, but further research is warranted to determine the optimal training parameters to maximize its benefits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.70377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T10:56:01Z","timestamp":1791024961000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Resistance Training for Cyclists: Scientific Evidence and Practical Recommendations"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0102-5247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"de Pablos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Sciences. Faculty of Medicine, Health and Sports Universidad Europea de Madrid  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Murcia  Murcia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1875-2193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iv\u00e1n R.","family":"S\u00e1nchez\u2010Redondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Sciences. Faculty of Medicine, Health and Sports Universidad Europea de Madrid  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6347-1369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidia B.","family":"Alejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Sciences. Faculty of Medicine, Health and Sports Universidad Europea de Madrid  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre (\u2018imas12\u2019)  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6087-1583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas G.","family":"Pallar\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Murcia  Murcia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4869-5900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Barranco\u2010Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Sciences. Faculty of Medicine, Health and Sports Universidad Europea de Madrid  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1730-3369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro L.","family":"Valenzuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EXERLAB Group, Department of Systems Biology University of Alcal\u00e1  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2025\u20100157"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256\u2010200535040\u201000002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256\u2010200535040\u201000003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798\u2010020\u201000252\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2022\u20100233"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sports13110406"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421\u2010018\u20103807\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2020\u20100861"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13570"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sports11020022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a\u20102702\u20104879"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421\u2010025\u201005883\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0328195"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421\u2010011\u20101957\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003556"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2025.146790"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768\u2010199906000\u201000018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210100507"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/R\u201016334.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/R\u201018465.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181b990c2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2009.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421\u2010009\u20101307\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421\u2010010\u20101622\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181aeb16a"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100838.2010.01283.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100838.2009.01035.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.7.4.313"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12338"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12257"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12468"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2016.1215499"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2016\u20100015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13149"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001960"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2020\u20100130"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2020\u20100170"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.586113"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.852595"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.59371"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2015\u20100405"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741\u20107015\u201010\u2010168"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003113"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15163632"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2025\u20100033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002209"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2020\u20100305"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2023\u20100080"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318185493e"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2019.1612952"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256\u2010200838120\u201000004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002585"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports\u20102023\u2010106807"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279\u2010014\u20100157\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2024.129487"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s\u20100030\u20101248333"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00091.2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279\u2010022\u201001754\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279\u2010017\u20100762\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11315230\u2010000000000\u201000000"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421\u2010017\u20103725\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12678"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.70265"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279\u2010023\u201001949\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279\u2010019\u201001236\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279\u2010021\u201001426\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279\u2010021\u201001587\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233134"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2025.1692399"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181b3f1d3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm\u20102015\u20100562"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01132"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13742"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0311833"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldaf024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.70294"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2024.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s24061997"}],"container-title":["Scandinavian Journal of Medicine &amp; Science in Sports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/sms.70377","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/sms.70377","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/sms.70377","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T10:56:02Z","timestamp":1791024962000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/sms.70377"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/sms.70377"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.70377","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0905-7188","1600-0838"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0905-7188","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0838","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70377"}}