{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T02:43:20Z","timestamp":1791600200737,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sociology Compass"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Disruptive events have significant consequences for the individuals and families who experience them, but these effects do not occur equally across the population. While some groups are strongly affected, others experience few consequences. We review recent findings on inequality in the effects of disruptive events. We consider heterogeneity based on socioeconomic resources, race\/ethnicity, the likelihood of experiencing disruption, and contextual factors such as the normativity of the event in particular social settings. We focus on micro\u2010level events affecting specific individuals and families, including divorce, job loss, home loss and eviction, health shocks and deaths, and violence and incarceration, but also refer to macro\u2010level events such as recession and natural disasters. We describe patterns of variation that suggest a process of resource disparities and cumulative disadvantage versus those that reflect the impact of non\u2010normative and unexpected shocks. Finally, we review methodological considerations when examining variation in the effect of disruptive events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/soc4.12972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T05:00:31Z","timestamp":1645074031000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Unequal effects of disruptive events"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Taylor","family":"Aquino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6568-498X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennie E.","family":"Brand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florencia","family":"Torche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA11293"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2009.124.4.1729"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2000.01269.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","series-title":"A generation at risk: Growing up in an era of family upheaval","author":"Amato P. R.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.so.18.080192.000311"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1996.10476902"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400829828-009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190843496.003.0011","volume-title":"Neighborhood foreclosure and health","author":"Arcaya M.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301460"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2007.00525.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017376"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/esr\/jcw036"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4054\/DemRes.2014.30.61"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/693678"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1813049116"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15195\/v6.a11"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-071913-043237"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6094-3_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/675409"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0081175021993503"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-6229.12021"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.08.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2096259"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190634438.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2657325"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/345560"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3033568"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.98.4.1605"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3386\/w16857"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.100.1.572"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jomf.12625"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jhr.2010.0013"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302253"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","volume-title":"The tolls of uncertainty. How privilege and guilt gap shape unemployment in America","author":"Damaske S.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/666082"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/socpro\/spv025"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/681091"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sf\/sov044"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3386\/w27358"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.32.061604.123127"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524\u2010021\u201000589\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2136666"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1988.tb02094.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2676295"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_47_1","volume-title":"Children of incarcerated parents: A handbook for researchers and practitioners","author":"Eddy J.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_48_1","volume-title":"Children of the great depression","author":"Elder G. H.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000312240607100102"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.114348"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/jtg063"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031808"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226001463.003.0007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2649"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_55_1","article-title":"Multilevel effects of parental incarceration on adult children\u2019s neighborhood disadvantage","author":"Finkeldey J. G.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Social Problems"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2010.00696.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-073014-112437"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.301945"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. A. Garcia P. A. Homan C. Garc\u00eda T. H. Brown Deborah S. carr 2021 e75 e80","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa114"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_60_1","volume-title":"You need 16 times the sample size to estimate an interaction than to estimate a main effect","author":"Gelman A.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.so.19.080193.002033"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.1999.tb01397.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_63_1","volume-title":"The great risk shift: The new economic insecurity and the decline of the American dream","author":"Hacker J. S.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122415581334"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_65_1","volume-title":"Children of divorce: Stories of loss and growth","author":"Harvey J. H.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.301069"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_67_1","volume-title":"The rise of US earnings inequality: Does the cycle drive the trend?","author":"Heathcote J.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15195\/v7.a27"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2014.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113742"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.so.17.080191.000411"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.07.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.03.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-012-0123-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139025751"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2018.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2012.00957.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2007.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000312240907400101"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2010.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2006.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.12.1.115"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/redy.1998.0043"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1548-1425.2009.01203.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520949904"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7758\/rsf.2019.5.2.08"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2020.100575"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716216680989"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.27.1.363"},{"issue":"3385","key":"e_1_2_5_92_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Assessing spurious \u2018moderator effects\u2019: Illustrated substantively with the hypothesized (\u2018Synergistic\u2019) relation between spatial and mathematical ability","volume":"107","author":"Lubinski D.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oep\/gpv034"},{"issue":"3405","key":"e_1_2_5_94_1","article-title":"Distinguishing between moderator and quadratic effects in multiple regression","volume":"118","author":"MacCallum R. C.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1820464116"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/soin.12073"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-8525.2010.01197.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1993.00410180039004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-060116-053252"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-071312-145704"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711002613"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000312240106600205"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_103_1","volume-title":"Social theory and social structure","author":"Merton R. K.","year":"1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12187-015-9324-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400884599"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124106289164"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoneco.2005.08.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22521-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_109_1","volume-title":"Falling from grace: Downward mobility in the age of affluence","author":"Newman K.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/588493"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_111_1","volume-title":"Economic insecurity: Empirical findings","author":"Osberg L.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-018-0757-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2008.083477"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.289.6451.1029"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001979398704100102"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/socpro\/spw052"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/XGCU-QWDE-GWW1-P7K7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716221991458"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10643-017-0869-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15195\/v1.a14"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_5_121_1","first-page":"192","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and health","volume":"88","author":"Smith J. P.","year":"1998","journal-title":"The American Economic Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2017.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/09-STS313"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.11.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_125_1","volume-title":"The fragile middle class the fragile middle class: Americans in debt","author":"Sullivan T. A.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_126_1","volume-title":"The state of evictions: Results from the university of Washington evictions project","author":"Thomas T. A.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-018-0700-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/713382"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_129_1","volume-title":"Paper presented at the population Association of America annual meeting may 5\u20108","author":"Torche F.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122414544733"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2137339"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-016-0543-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122413505589"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9133.12109"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30893-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2018.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.8598"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-019-00846-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-071811-145434"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2152085"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0081175012452652"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6548"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0081175019862593"}],"container-title":["Sociology Compass"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/soc4.12972","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/soc4.12972","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/soc4.12972","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T18:44:55Z","timestamp":1762281895000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/soc4.12972"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"references-count":143,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/soc4.12972"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/soc4.12972","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.31235\/osf.io\/syez3","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1751-9020","1751-9020"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1751-9020","type":"print"},{"value":"1751-9020","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-07-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-02-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-02-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e12972"}}