{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T15:50:35Z","timestamp":1785167435764,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,11]],"date-time":"2013-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1362960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Development"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EST<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) is among the most widely adopted theoretical frameworks for studying individuals in ecological contexts. In its traditional formulation, different levels of ecological systems are viewed as nested within one another. In this article, we use Simmel's notion of intersecting social circles and Bronfenbrenner's earlier writing on social networks to develop an alternative \u2018networked\u2019 model that instead views ecological systems as an overlapping arrangement of structures, each directly or indirectly connected to the others by the direct and indirect social interactions of their participants. We redefine each of the systems discussed by\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EST<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u2014micro, meso, exo, macro, and chrono\u2014based on patterns of social interaction, and then illustrate how this alternative model might be applied in the classic context of the developing child. We conclude by discussing future directions for how the networked model of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EST<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    can be applied as a conceptual framework, arguing that this approach offers developmental researchers with a more precise and flexible way to think about ecological contexts. We also offer some initial suggestions for moving a networked\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EST<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    model from theory to method.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sode.12018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,13]],"date-time":"2013-03-13T01:43:59Z","timestamp":1363139039000},"page":"722-737","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":343,"title":["Nested or Networked? Future Directions for Ecological Systems Theory"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Jennifer Watling","family":"Neal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary P.","family":"Neal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130071"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20109507.2009.00540.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","volume-title":"The measurement of sociometric status, structure, and development","author":"Bronfenbrenner U.","year":"1945"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.32.7.513"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674028845","volume-title":"The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design","author":"Bronfenbrenner U.","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-02475-1_15"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.22.6.723"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12310\u2010012\u20109072\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.1027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20109507.2008.00520.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0002831210368990"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-17729-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464\u2010007\u20109112\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","first-page":"701","article-title":"School\/family\/community partnerships: Caring for the children we share","volume":"76","author":"Epstein J. 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