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Latent profile analysis revealed four father involvement profiles:\n                    <jats:italic>high involvement<\/jats:italic>\n                    (50.60%);\n                    <jats:italic>nonresident, moderate involvement<\/jats:italic>\n                    (18.09%);\n                    <jats:italic>highly engaged, but low cognitive stimulation<\/jats:italic>\n                    (25.49%); and\n                    <jats:italic>nonresident, very low involvement<\/jats:italic>\n                    (3.82%). Children of highly involved Black fathers exhibited optimal social\u2013emotional functioning compared to children of fathers in the other profiles. Children of fathers in the\n                    <jats:italic>highly engaged, but low cognitive stimulation<\/jats:italic>\n                    profile showed poorer social\u2013emotional functioning. Our findings showed that Black fathering is a diverse experience with much heterogeneity, suggesting the need for fatherhood programs responsive to different fathering profiles.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sode.12785","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T03:38:43Z","timestamp":1732678723000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Profiles of father involvement among unmarried Black fathers and child social\u2013emotional functioning"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2318-2823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Social Work The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA"},{"name":"Department of Social Welfare College of Social Sciences, Ewha Womans University Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Social Science The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujeong","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Social Work The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2805-9277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joyce Y.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Social Work The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Choong Rai","family":"Nho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Welfare College of Social Sciences, Ewha Womans University Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ick\u2010Joong","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Welfare College of Social Sciences, Ewha Womans University Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah J.","family":"Schoppe\u2010Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Manual for the child behavior checklist\/4\u201018 and 1991 profile","author":"Achenbach T. 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