{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T01:58:52Z","timestamp":1787968732829,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,3]],"date-time":"2015-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Skin Research and Technology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background\/Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Skin\u2010to\u2010fat tissue dielectric constant (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TDC<\/jats:styled-content>) values depend on measurement depth and gender. Our goal was to assess male\u2013female differences in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TDC<\/jats:styled-content> values associated with differing skin depths.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bilateral forearm <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TDC<\/jats:styled-content> measurements were made on young adult male and females with mean ages from 24.7 to 27.3\u00a0years. There were four measurement groups distinguished by the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TDC<\/jats:styled-content> measurement depth and include the following numbers of subjects for each gender; 30, 150, 60, and 50 for probe\u2010measurement depths of 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, and 5.0\u00a0mm. Data were subsequently compared with values calculated with a simple two\u2010layer model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>For females and males, there was a significant difference in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TDC<\/jats:styled-content> values among depths (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TDC<\/jats:styled-content> values decreasing with increasing depth. Gender comparisons showed that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TDC<\/jats:styled-content> values of males were significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) greater than values for females at each depth. Male\u2013female percentage differences ranged from 14.8% to 22.0%. Model calculations suggest that gender differences might be explained by skin thickness differences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Findings indicate that decisions with regard to skin water content among or between groups based on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TDC<\/jats:styled-content> measurements need to account for gender and are best made when corresponding skin thickness measurements are available. However, changes in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TDC<\/jats:styled-content> values assessed in individual patients and comparisons between corresponding skin areas in affected and non\u2010affected sites are not limited. Thus, assessments of acute treatment effects and assessments of inter\u2010arm or inter\u2010leg <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TDC<\/jats:styled-content> differences or ratios within genders are a useful and suitable method to characterize edema and lymphedema features.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,4]],"date-time":"2015-06-04T02:31:24Z","timestamp":1433385084000},"page":"81-88","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Young adult gender differences in forearm skin\u2010to\u2010fat tissue dielectric constant values measured at 300\u00a0MHz"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"H. N.","family":"Mayrovitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology College of Medical Sciences Nova Southeastern University Fr. 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