{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T11:42:41Z","timestamp":1790509361406,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,14]],"date-time":"2016-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1457913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Aage Bangs Foundation"},{"name":"Hans & Nora Buchards Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Skin Research and Technology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of Raman spectroscopy as a screening technique for chemical characterisation of tattoo pigments in pathologic reacting tattoos and tattoo ink stock products to depict unsafe pigments and metabolites of pigments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials\/Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twelve dermatome shave biopsies from allergic reactions in red tattoos were analysed with Raman spectroscopy (A 785\u2010nm 300 mW diode laser). These were referenced to samples of 10 different standard tattoo ink stock products, three of these identified as the culprit inks used by the tattooist and thus by history the source of the allergy. Three primary aromatic amine (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAA<\/jats:styled-content>) laboratory standards (aniline, o\u2010anisidine and 3,3\u2032\u2010dichlorobenzidine) were also studied.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Application of Raman spectroscopy to the shave biopsies was technically feasible. In addition, all ten inks and the three <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAA<\/jats:styled-content> standards could be discriminated. 10\/12 shave biopsies provided clear fingerprint Raman signals which differed significantly from background skin, and Raman spectra from 8\/12 biopsies perfectly matched spectra from the three culprit ink products. The spectrum of one red ink (a low cost product named \u2018Tattoo\u2019, claimed to originate from Taiwan, no other info on label) was identified in 5\/12 biopsies. Strong indications of the inks \u2018Bright Red\u2019 and \u2018Crimson Red\u2019 were seen in three biopsies. The three <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAA<\/jats:styled-content>'s could not be unambiguously identified.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study, although on a small\u2010scale, demonstrated Raman spectroscopy to be feasible for chemical analysis of red pigments in allergic reactions. Raman spectroscopy has a major potential for fingerprint screening of problematic tattoo pigments <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> in skin, <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> in skin biopsies and in tattoo ink stock products, thus, to eliminate unsafe ink products from markets.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,19]],"date-time":"2016-03-19T00:49:48Z","timestamp":1458348588000},"page":"460-469","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Allergic reactions in red tattoos: Raman spectroscopy for \u2018fingerprint\u2019 detection of chemical risk spectra in tattooed skin and culprit tattoo inks"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Hutton Carlsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology The \u201cTattoo Clinic\u201d Bispebjerg University Hospital Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"K\u00f8cks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry and Biotechnology Danish Technological Institute Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Sepehri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Wound Healing Bispebjerg University Hospital Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Serup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology The \u201cTattoo Clinic\u201d Bispebjerg University Hospital Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000369175"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000369645"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2009.00925.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1610-0387.2007.06333.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2007.01301.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12164"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2012.04590.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12093"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","unstructured":"Milj\u00f8styrelsen.Chemical Substances in Tattoo Ink Survey of Chemical Substances in Consumer Product. Report No. 116 2012. Available at:http:\/\/www.mst.dk\/Publikationer\/Publications\/2012\/June\/(last accessed 21 July 2015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10561.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12271"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","unstructured":"Resolution ResAP(2008)1 on Requirements & Criteria for Safety of Tattoos & Permanent Make Up. Council of Europe (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 20 February 2008 at the 1018th Meeting) 2008. Available at:http:\/\/www.coe.int\/t\/e\/social_cohesion\/soc-sp\/resap_2008_1%20e.pdf(last accessed 24 July 2015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(11)70340-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2004.tb00069.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Introduction of dermatome shaving as first line treatment of chronic tattoo reactions. 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