{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T04:56:06Z","timestamp":1792472166909,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687910400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Skin Research and Technology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Age prediction powered by artificial intelligence (AI) can be used as an objective technique to assess the cosmetic effect of rejuvenation surgery. Existing age\u2010estimation models are trained on public datasets with the Caucasian race as the main reference, thus they are impractical for clinical application in Chinese patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop and select an age\u2010estimation model appropriate for Chinese patients receiving rejuvenation treatment, we obtained a face database of 10 529 images from 1821 patients from the author's hospital and selected two representative age\u2010estimation algorithms for the model training. The prediction accuracies and the interpretability of calculation logic of these two facial age predictors were compared and analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mean absolute error (MAE) of a traditional support vector machine\u2010learning model was 10.185 years; the proportion of absolute error \u22646 years was 35.90% and 68.50% \u226412 years. The MAE of a deep\u2010learning model based on the VGG\u201016 framework was 3.011 years; the proportion of absolute error \u22646 years was 90.20% and 100% \u226412 years. Compared with deep learning, traditional machine\u2010learning models have clearer computational logic, which allows them to give clinicians more specific treatment recommendations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Experimental results show that deep\u2010learning exceeds traditional machine learning in the prediction of Chinese cosmetic patients' age. Although traditional machine learning model has better interpretability than deep\u2010learning model, deep\u2010learning is more accurate for clinical quantitative evaluation. Knowing the decision\u2010making logic behind the accurate prediction of deep\u2010learning is crucial for deeper clinical application, and requires further exploration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T01:54:35Z","timestamp":1688003675000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Exploring artificial intelligence from a clinical perspective: A comparison and application analysis of two facial age predictors trained on a large\u2010scale Chinese cosmetic patient database"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Meng M.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen J.","family":"Di","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning B.","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong Q.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000008625"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2012.05.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12649"},{"issue":"07","key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"467","article-title":"Introduction to clinical tools for evaluating skin aging \u2013 Skin Aging Atlas (Asian)","volume":"39","author":"Qiu HX","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjz259"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-016-0940-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2020.102961"},{"issue":"03","key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"340","article-title":"Age estimation of facial images based on Gabor Wavelet and histogram sequence of LBP","volume":"27","author":"Huang B","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Data Acquisit Proc"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2991\/icmeit-19.2019.135"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","first-page":"252","article-title":"DEX: Deep EXpectation of apparent age from a single image","author":"Rothe R","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","volume-title":"Skin Aging Atlas. Volume 2, Asian Type","author":"Bazin R","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","volume-title":"Skin Aging Atlas. Volume 5, Photo\u2010aging Face & Body","author":"Flament F","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12487"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12558"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12492"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13612"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12893"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S72244"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GunayANVV.Automatic age classification with LBP.IEEE International Symposium on Computer and Information Sciences.2008:1\u20134.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCIS.2008.4717926"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Age estimation from face images: Human vs. machine performance","author":"Han HOCJ","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Int Conf Biometr"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.993553"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2010.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2010.36"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Modelling of facial aging and kinship: A survey","author":"Markos G","year":"2018","journal-title":"Image Vision Comp"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000009312"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AgustssonE TimofteR EscaleraS et\u00a0al.Apparent and real age estimation in still images with deep residual regressors on Appa\u2010Real database.IEEE 12th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition.2017:87\u201094.","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2017.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2018.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EscaleraS FabianJ PardoP et\u00a0al.ChaLearn looking at people 2015: Apparent age and cultural event recognition datasets and results.IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops.2015:243\u2010251.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2015.40"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","first-page":"5183","article-title":"Using ranking\u2010CNN for age estimation","author":"Chen SX","year":"2017","journal-title":"CVPR"}],"container-title":["Skin Research and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/srt.13402","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/srt.13402","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/srt.13402","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T16:54:41Z","timestamp":1769878481000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/srt.13402"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/srt.13402"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/srt.13402","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0909-752X","1600-0846"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0909-752X","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0846","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-03-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-06-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-06-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e13402"}}