{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T23:59:30Z","timestamp":1792627170031,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]],"date-time":"2024-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]],"date-time":"2024-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706227200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Skin Research and Technology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Electrical stimulation (ES) is a widely used technique in the medical field for various purposes. The effect of ES on several skin properties has been investigated; however, its effect on skin vulnerability to irritants remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ES application on skin vulnerability to external irritants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An experimental study on 12 healthy male subjects (Mean\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0SD, 22.9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.6 years) who completed the study. The subjects were free of skin abnormalities in the volar aspect of both forearms. Three areas were allocated to each forearm and marked as areas 1, 2, and A in the treated forearm, and areas 3, 4, and B in the control forearm. ES was applied to the volar aspect of the treated forearm for 30\u00a0min three times a week, for 2 weeks. The effect of ES on skin vulnerability was investigated using 5% and 0.5% sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) patches applied to both treated and control forearms. The skin response to irritants was evaluated using transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and a visual erythema score 24\u00a0h after patch removal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Compared to the control forearm, ES increased skin permeability and erythema in response to external irritants (SLS), as measured by the visual analog score (\n                      <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a02.75,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.006) and TEWL (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05), respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ES escalates skin reactions to low concentrations of irritant substances, such as SLS, in the area between the two electrodes. This emphasizes the use of this substance, and similar irritants should be avoided in areas treated with ES.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,27]],"date-time":"2024-01-27T02:14:27Z","timestamp":1706321667000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The effect of electrical stimulation on skin vulnerability to irritants"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1521-731X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulmajeed Raja","family":"Almalty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical and Occupational Therapy Department College of Applied Medical Sciences The Hashemite University  Zarqa Jordan"},{"name":"Physical Therapy Department College of Applied Medical Sciences Jerash University  Jerash Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saja Hamdallah","family":"Hamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences The Hashemite University  Zarqa Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Yasser","family":"Jebril","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical and Occupational Therapy Department College of Applied Medical Sciences The Hashemite University  Zarqa Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan Mubarak","family":"Abdelnour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Therapy Department College of Applied Medical Sciences Jerash University  Jerash Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2020-0203"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.756200"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-200369"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734619898978"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03091900903271646"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2019.1657227"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","volume-title":"Physical Agents in Rehabilitation: An Evidence\u2010Based Approach to Practice","author":"Cameron F","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"Skin reactions to TENS equipment used for pain relief","volume":"125","author":"Green T","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J 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wounds","volume":"20","author":"Petrofsky JS","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurol Orthop Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10409-020-01026-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","first-page":"418","article-title":"Study of the cytotoxic and irritant effects of skin cleansing soaps","volume":"156","author":"Castanedo\u2010C\u00e1zares JP","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gac Med Mex"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1997.tb00041.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1091581810364665"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2009.09.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.15638"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12070684"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","first-page":"311","article-title":"Effect of systemic hormonal cyclicity on skin","volume":"56","author":"Muizzuddin N","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Cosmet Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03091900500183855"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1990.tb01553.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-8155-2025-2.10004-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4137\/EHI.S31765"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0846.2007.00242.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1815"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","volume-title":"Body Therapy and Facial Work: Electrical Treatments for Beauty Therapists","author":"Rosser M","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","first-page":"66","article-title":"The effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation training on abdominal strength, endurance, and selected anthropometric measures","volume":"4","author":"Porcari JP","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Sports Science & Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","unstructured":"Verified Market Research Electrical stimulation devices market size and forecast. Accessed on Sept 5 2023.https:\/\/www.verifiedmarketresearch.com"}],"container-title":["Skin Research and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/srt.13591","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/srt.13591","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/srt.13591","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T17:47:32Z","timestamp":1770832052000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/srt.13591"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/srt.13591"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/srt.13591","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0909-752X","1600-0846"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0909-752X","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0846","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-12-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e13591"}}