{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T14:11:01Z","timestamp":1790863861217,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Skin Research and Technology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The growing demand on natural ingredients in cosmetics has immensely contributed to a renewed interest in cosmetic industry in plant derivatives, especially essential oils. The aim of this study is to examine the dermatoprotective and antifungal properties of <jats:italic>Clinopodium nepeta<\/jats:italic> (CNEO) and <jats:italic>Thymus vulgaris<\/jats:italic> (TVEO) essential oils.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gas chromatography\u2010mass spectrometry (GC\u2010MS) analysis was performed to identify the chemical composition of the essential oils. Anti\u2010elastase and anti\u2010tyrosinase activities were evaluated using standard enzymatic inhibition assays, and IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> values were calculated. Photoprotective properties were determined using in vitro sun protection factor (SPF) calculations. Antifungal and antibacterial activities were assessed using the disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination against <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Candida glabrata, Micrococcus luteus<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>GC\u2010MS analysis revealed the presence of 13 compounds in CNEO, mainly oxygenated monoterpenes (91.9%) with pulegone (42.3%) as the main component, and 25 compounds in TVEO, with \u03b1\u2010terpineol (19.8%) and carvacrol (13.5%) as the dominant compounds. CNEO showed superior anti\u2010elastase activity (IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> = 13.55 \u00b1 0.81\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL) compared with TVEO (IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> = 28.40 \u00b1 2.64\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL). Both oils demonstrated significant anti\u2010tyrosinase effects, with CNEO showing greater efficacy in inhibiting monophenolase (IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> = 36.71 \u00b1 4.09\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL) and diphenolase (IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> = 22.77 \u00b1 0.97\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL) than TVEO. SPF calculations revealed notable photoprotective properties for both oils, with CNEO (SPF = 6.472) slightly outperforming TVEO (SPF = 5.640). Antifungal tests against <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. glabrata<\/jats:italic>, and antibacterial tests against <jats:italic>M. luteus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> showed that both oils possess strong antifungal and antibacterial activities, with CNEO demonstrating superior efficacy (MIC = 0.50 \u00b1 0.00% v\/v for both <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> strains) compared with TVEO (MIC = 0.011 \u00b1 0.00% v\/v for both <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> strains).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study provides the first comprehensive assessment of the dermatoprotective, antifungal, and antibacterial activities of CNEO and confirms the potential of TVEO in cosmetic, antifungal, and antibacterial applications. The results suggest that these essential oils could serve as promising natural ingredients in dermatoprotective, antifungal, and antibacterial formulations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.70191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T09:52:39Z","timestamp":1750758759000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Evaluation of the Dermatoprotective Properties of <i>Clinopodium nepeta<\/i> and <i>Thymus vulgaris<\/i> Essential Oils: Phytochemical Analysis, Anti\u2010Elastase, Anti\u2010Tyrosinase, Photoprotective Activities, and Antimicrobial Potential Against Dermatopathogenic Strains"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Taibi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Agricultural Production Improvement Biotechnology, and Environment (LAPABE) Faculty of Sciences Mohammed First University  Oujda Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0314-8484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amine","family":"Elbouzidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Agricultural Production Improvement Biotechnology, and Environment (LAPABE) Faculty of Sciences Mohammed First University  Oujda Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nour Eddine","family":"Bentouhami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bioresources Biotechnology Ethnopharmacology and Health Faculty of Sciences Mohammed First University  Oujda Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mounir","family":"Haddou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Agricultural Production Improvement Biotechnology, and Environment (LAPABE) Faculty of Sciences Mohammed First University  Oujda Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdellah","family":"Baraich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bioresources Biotechnology Ethnopharmacology and Health Faculty of Sciences Mohammed First University  Oujda Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yousra","family":"Hammouti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Agricultural Production Improvement Biotechnology, and Environment (LAPABE) Faculty of Sciences Mohammed First University  Oujda Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yousra","family":"Belbachir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Physical Chemistry of Natural Resources and Process Team Laboratory of AppliedChemistry and Environment (LCAE) Faculty of Sciences Mohammed First University  Oujda Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reda","family":"Bellaouchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bioresources Biotechnology Ethnopharmacology and Health Faculty of Sciences Mohammed First University  Oujda Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramzi A.","family":"Mothana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy College of Pharmacy King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed F.","family":"Hawwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy College of Pharmacy King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdeslam","family":"Asehraou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bioresources Biotechnology Ethnopharmacology and Health Faculty of Sciences Mohammed First University  Oujda Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salwa","family":"Karboune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry Macdonald Campus  Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3973-6694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Addi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Agricultural Production Improvement Biotechnology, and Environment (LAPABE) Faculty of Sciences Mohammed First University  Oujda Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bouchra El","family":"Guerrouj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bioresources Biotechnology Ethnopharmacology and Health Faculty of Sciences Mohammed First University  Oujda Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid","family":"Chaabane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Agricultural Production Improvement Biotechnology, and Environment (LAPABE) Faculty of Sciences Mohammed First University  Oujda Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.19704"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.06.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2019.07.689"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5416728"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.18643"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13402"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5530\/pj.2019.11.119"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.1871724"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7020079"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00112"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3466"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12746\/swrccc.v11i48.1187"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26444\/jpccr\/152551"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222312641"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201900434"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-019-01951-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112376"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12010090"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24815\/jpeop.v2i1.32073"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11233407"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B.Rizwan \u201cTherapeutic Potential ofThymus vulgaris: A Review.\u201d Published online (2021) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31219\/osf.io\/3fzvt.","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/3fzvt"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12244098"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2021.2008273"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11071330"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.110747"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19476337.2024.2348735"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10010151"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2008.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e29459"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","first-page":"121","article-title":"Determination of Sun Protection Factor by Spectrophotometry","volume":"61","author":"Mansur J.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1979.tb07090.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12040655"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","first-page":"5279","article-title":"The Effect of Altitude on the Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Essential Oils","volume":"7","author":"El Guerrouj B.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24425\/jppr.2024.149161"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.06.176"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2018.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-16807-0_185"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2014.985733"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2023.102923"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2023.115574"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-8490.60586"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25071710"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21101390"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2018.03.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42250-024-00958-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2870"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/AJPS2016.1454"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MRM.0000000000000100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37929\/nveo.949959"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","first-page":"56","article-title":"Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil: Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity","volume":"7","author":"Borug\u0103 O.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Medicine and Life"}],"container-title":["Skin Research and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/srt.70191","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T09:22:02Z","timestamp":1754904122000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/srt.70191"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/srt.70191"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/srt.70191","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0909-752X","1600-0846"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0909-752X","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0846","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70191"}}