{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T20:19:59Z","timestamp":1784751599958,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Skin Research and Technology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Skincare using facial humidifiers is gaining attention and has become more popular in Japan as a beauty treatment. A novel type of face humidifier capable of generating ultrafine water droplets has been developed recently.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The change in distribution of sprayed ultrafine water droplets in the stratum corneum of excised human skin over the application period was investigated using confocal Raman microscopy. In addition, changes in trans\u2010epidermal water loss (TEWL) value were evaluated after treatment with ultrafine water droplets using a three\u2010dimensional cultured human skin model (3D skin model). Furthermore, the effect of gene expression related to ceramide production in the skin and ceramide production were also evaluated using a 3D skin model by real\u2010time PCR and high\u2010performance thin\u2010layer chromatography, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A higher water content at the surface of the skin was confirmed over 45\u00a0min after the application. Furthermore, the TEWL value after the application of ultrafine water droplets was sharply decreased. Increased gene expression related to ceramide production was confirmed compared with the application of purified water, and increased levels of ceramide NS were observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results suggested that the application of ultrafine water droplets on the skin surface may be useful to maintain a physiologically good skin barrier condition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.70223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T19:25:51Z","timestamp":1759173951000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of Application of Ultrafine Water Droplets on Water Content in the Stratum Corneum Layer in Excised Human Skin and on Barrier Function in a Three\u2010Dimensional Cultured Human Skin Model"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Todo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Cosmeceutics Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Josai University  Sakado Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moe","family":"Hirota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Cosmeceutics Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Josai University  Sakado Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madoka","family":"Kage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Dermatological Physiology Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Josai University  Sakado Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yutaka","family":"Takagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Dermatological Physiology Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Josai University  Sakado Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibuki","family":"Narita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Cosmeceutics Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Josai University  Sakado Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinsuke","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Value Chain Business Center New Business Incubation Laboratory AIR Business Promotion Department AISIN Corporation  Kariya Aichi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Tabata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Value Chain Business Center New Business Incubation Laboratory AIR Business Promotion Department AISIN Corporation  Kariya Aichi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keiko","family":"Yokoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Value Chain Business 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