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However, the treatment of acute and chronic antibody\u2010mediated rejection (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ABMR<\/jats:styled-content>) in kidney transplants remains sub\u2010optimal. The occurrence and severity of antibody\u2010mediated graft pathology are variable, and genetic polymorphisms that affect the magnitude and nature of the B\u2010cell response, as well as effector functions of antibody, are likely to contribute to such phenotypic variation. Here we review current efforts to understand and quantify the contribution of B cells to renal transplant pathology by studying variation in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content>, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> and proteins. Large genetic studies with information on B\u2010cell\u2010specific genetic variants are scarce. At a transcriptomic level, there is evidence that B cells are essential contributors to transplant tolerance and may protect against <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TCMR<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ABMR<\/jats:styled-content>. In contrast, at the protein level, the detection of donor\u2010specific human leukocyte antigen (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HLA<\/jats:styled-content>) antibodies and an assessment of their capacity to bind complement allow patients of high immunological risk to be identified. Other biomarkers, such as serum B\u2010cell\u2010activating factor (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BAFF<\/jats:styled-content>) or interleukin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>)\u201010\u2010producing B cells, may allow this risk stratification to be refined. An increased understanding of the significance of these biomarkers should allow a more accurate assessment of how an individual patient's B cells will impact allograft responses and thereby allow clinicians to adjust therapeutic strategies appropriately.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tan.12520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,28]],"date-time":"2015-01-28T07:59:03Z","timestamp":1422431943000},"page":"82-92","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["B\u2010cell biomarkers in transplantation \u2013 from genes to therapy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"G. D.","family":"Banham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. 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