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We contrast these affinities with HLA allele frequencies across hundreds of human populations worldwide. Statistical modelling shows that peptide\u2010binding affinities classified into four distinct categories depend on the HLA locus but that the type of virus is only a weak predictor, except in the case of HIV\u20101. Among the strong HLA binders (IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> \u2264\u200950), we uncovered 16 alleles (the top ones being <jats:italic>A*02:02<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>B*15:03<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>DRB1*01:02<\/jats:italic>) binding more than 1% of peptides derived from all viruses, 9 (top ones including <jats:italic>HLA\u2010A*68:01<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>B*15:25<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>C*03:02<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>DRB1*07:01<\/jats:italic>) binding all viruses except HIV\u20101, and 15 (top ones <jats:italic>A*02:01<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C*14:02<\/jats:italic>) only binding coronaviruses. The frequencies of strongest and weakest HLA peptide binders differ significantly among populations from different geographic regions. In particular, Indigenous peoples of America show both higher frequencies of strongest and lower frequencies of weakest HLA binders. As many HLA proteins are found to be strong binders of peptides derived from distinct viral families, and are hence promiscuous (or generalist), we discuss this result in relation to possible signatures of natural selection on HLA promiscuous alleles due to past pathogenic infections. Our findings are highly relevant for both evolutionary genetics and the development of vaccine therapies. However they should not lead to forget that individual resistance and vulnerability to diseases go beyond the sole HLA allelic affinity and depend on multiple, complex and often unknown biological, environmental and other variables.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tan.13956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,31]],"date-time":"2020-05-31T15:07:16Z","timestamp":1590937636000},"page":"277-298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Binding affinities of 438 <scp>HLA<\/scp> proteins to complete proteomes of seven pandemic viruses and distributions of strongest and weakest <scp>HLA<\/scp> peptide binders in populations worldwide"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0518-4518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Barquera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Archaeogenetics Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History  Jena Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn","family":"Collen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Centre for Ancient DNA (ACAD), Department of Genetics and Evolution The University of Adelaide  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Da","family":"Di","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anthropology Unit, Department of Genetics and Evolution University of Geneva  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6675-5287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Buhler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anthropology Unit, Department of Genetics and Evolution University of Geneva  Geneva Switzerland"},{"name":"Transplantation Immunology Unit and National Reference Laboratory for Histocompatibility, Department of Diagnostic Geneva University Hospitals  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Centre for Ancient DNA (ACAD), Department of Genetics and Evolution The University of Adelaide  Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage The University of Adelaide  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bastien","family":"Llamas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage The University of Adelaide  Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"The Environment Institute The University of Adelaide  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7010-1382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anthropology Unit, Department of Genetics and Evolution University of Geneva  Geneva Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGE3) University of Geneva  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7714-2432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia","family":"Sanchez\u2010Mazas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anthropology Unit, Department of Genetics and Evolution University of Geneva  Geneva Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGE3) University of Geneva  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"ParhamP. 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