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Variations in the frequency and severity of diseases and in treatment effects among human subpopulation groups are common in many medical conditions. Unfortunately, the practices in terms of subpopulation labeling do not exhibit the level of rigor one would expect in biomedical research, especially when studying multifactorial diseases such as cancer or atherosclerosis. The reporting of population differences in clinical research is characterized by large disparities in practices, and fraught with methodological issues and inconsistencies. The actual designations such as \u201cBlack\u201d or \u201cAsian\u201d refer to broad and heterogeneous groups, with a great discrepancy among countries. Moreover, the use of obsolete concepts such as \u201cCaucasian\u201d is unfortunate and imprecise. The use of adequate labeling to reflect the scientific hypothesis needs to be promoted. Furthermore, the use of \u201crace\/ethnicity\u201d as a unique cause of human heterogeneity may distract from investigating other factors related to a medical condition, particularly if this label is employed as a proxy for cultural habits, diet, or environmental exposure. In addition, the wide range of opinions among researchers does not facilitate the attempts made for resolving this heterogeneity in labeling. \u201cRace,\u201d \u201cethnicity,\u201d \u201cancestry,\u201d \u201cgeographical origin,\u201d and other similar concepts are saturated with meanings. Even if the feasibility of a global consensus on labeling seems difficult, geneticists, sociologists, anthropologists, and ethicists should help develop policies and practices for the biomedical field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tan.14852","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T04:29:17Z","timestamp":1666153757000},"page":"3-15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Population designations in biomedical research: Limitations and perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Caroline","family":"Gombault","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biom\u00e9trie et Biologie Evolutive Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5558  Lyon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Grenet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biom\u00e9trie et Biologie 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