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We investigated the relationship between plasma\u2010derived soluble human HLA class I molecules (sHLA class I), HLA class I serotypes and dementia. A cohort of HLA class I serotyped elderly subjects with no dementia\/pre\u2010dementia (NpD, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200928), or with dementia (D, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200928) was studied. Multivariate analysis was used to examine the influence of dementia and HLA class I serotype on sHLA class I levels, and to compare sHLA class I within four groups according to the presence or absence of HLA\u2010A23\/A24 and dementia. HLA\u2010A23\/A24 and dementia, but not age, significantly influenced the level of sHLA class I. Importantly, the concurrent presence of HLA\u2010A23\/A24 and dementia was associated with higher levels of sHLA class I (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). This study has shown that the simultaneous presence of HLA\u2010A23\/HLA\u2010A24 and dementia is associated with high levels of serum sHLA class I molecules. 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