{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T10:10:15Z","timestamp":1758881415284,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["HLA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>HLA influence the immune response, shaping genetic susceptibility or resistance to tuberculosis (TB). This study aimed to investigate the associations of host genetics and comorbidities with TB infection in Taiwanese populations. This retrospective case\u2013control study utilised data from the Taiwan Precision Medicine Initiative. TB cases and non\u2010TB controls were compared using genome\u2010wide association studies (GWAS), HLA allele typing, and genotype data. Multivariate logistic regression identified independent predictors of TB and interactions between risk factors. A total of 390 TB cases and 3,909 controls were analysed. Risk factors for TB included bronchiectasis (OR\u2009=\u20092.76; 95% CI 1.54\u20134.44; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), diabetes mellitus (OR\u2009=\u20091.30; 95% CI 1.00\u20131.68; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.050), malignancy (OR\u2009=\u20091.46; 95% CI 1.15\u20131.85; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002), smoking (OR\u2009=\u20091.42; 95% CI 1.08\u20131.88; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.012), and steroid use (OR\u2009=\u20091.66; 95% CI 1.29\u20132.13; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). <jats:italic>HLA\u2010DRB1*16:02<\/jats:italic> was associated with a higher frequency in the TB group (OR\u2009=\u20091.47; 95% CI 1.04\u20132.09; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.030). Interaction analysis showed <jats:italic>HLA\u2010DRB1*16:02<\/jats:italic> increased TB risk in non\u2010smokers (OR\u2009=\u20091.58; 95% CI 1.02\u20132.46; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.042), but not in smokers. <jats:italic>HLA\u2010DRB1*16:02<\/jats:italic> was associated with a higher risk for TB. While carriers of <jats:italic>HLA\u2010DRB1*16:02<\/jats:italic> did not exhibit an increased risk of TB among smokers, we demonstrated a heightened risk among non\u2010smokers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tan.70384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T06:56:35Z","timestamp":1756796195000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Host Genetic Factors and Clinical Comorbidities Associated With Tuberculosis Risk"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"106","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2366-7022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shih\u2010Ping","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Taichung Veterans General Hospital  Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Post\u2010Baccalaureate Medicine College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University  Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I\u2010Chieh","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research Taichung Veterans General Hospital  Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ching\u2010Heng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research Taichung Veterans General Hospital  Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Enterprise Information Tunghai University  Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Public Health and Community Medicine Research Center National Yang\u2010Ming University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tzu\u2010Hung","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research Taichung Veterans General Hospital  Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Public Health College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University  New Taipei City Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics National Chung Hsing University  Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Po\u2010Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Taichung Veterans General Hospital  Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi\u2010Ming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Post\u2010Baccalaureate Medicine College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University  Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research Taichung Veterans General Hospital  Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medical Research Taichung Veterans General Hospital  Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Precision Medicine Research Center, College of Medicine National Chung Hsing University  Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization Global Tuberculosis Report 2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2014.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2014.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2020.104204"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.TBTB2\u20100011\u20102016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3498"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2018.00213"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408\u2010015\u20109692\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096\u2010016\u20102713\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41525\u2010021\u201000178\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","unstructured":"H.\u2010C.Yang P.\u2010Y.Kwok L.\u2010H.Li et\u00a0al. 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