{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T03:01:25Z","timestamp":1785466885503,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2020QH176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2020QH176"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2021MH094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021MH094"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82002980"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82002980"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["HLA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>HLA diversity profiling is essential for transplant\u2010typing practice, yet its interpretation is complicated by heterogeneous typing resolution and ambiguity in routine clinical datasets. We analysed eight\u2010locus HLA genotyping results from 1388 individuals in an Eastern Chinese transplant\u2010typing cohort (2021\u20132026) using a resolution\u2010aware two\u2010stage analytical framework\u2014an approach that explicitly distinguishes first\u2010field (allele\u2010group) summaries from strict two\u2010field allele\u2010level analysis. HLA diversity profiling is defined as the systematic characterisation of allele\/allele\u2010group frequency distributions, heterozygosity and diversity metrics (Shannon entropy, evenness). Stage 1 summarised assay\u2010derived first\u2010field (allele\u2010group) codes with complete coverage across all loci (2776 allele copies per locus), whereas Stage 2 evaluated strict two\u2010field alleles restricted to loci achieving a &gt;\u200945% two\u2010field resolution threshold. Observed heterozygosity varied markedly across loci, ranging from 0.484 at HLA\u2010DPA1 to 0.923 at HLA\u2010B. At Stage 1, 43 rare allele\u2010group codes (&lt;\u20091%) were identified, disproportionately contributed by HLA\u2010DPB1 (51.2%), consistent with resolution\u2010 and ambiguity\u2010related inflation of apparent rare categories. At Stage 2, 68 rare two\u2010field alleles (&lt;\u20091% within locus\u2010specific resolvable subsets) were identified; all were officially assigned and listed in the IPD\u2010IMGT\/HLA Database and documented in the Allele Frequency Net Database, with 97.1% having reported Chinese population records. Classification using the Common, Intermediate and Well\u2010Documented (CIWD) catalogue showed that most cohort\u2010defined \u2018rare\u2019 alleles were not globally rare. Together, these findings demonstrate that apparent rare allele burden in transplant\u2010typing cohorts is strongly influenced by typing resolution and ambiguity handling. The resolution\u2010aware framework presented here provides a transparent template for HLA diversity reporting and rare allele interpretation in heterogeneous clinical transplant\u2010typing datasets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tan.70848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T01:18:02Z","timestamp":1783387082000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Resolution\u2010Aware Eight\u2010Locus\n                    <scp>HLA<\/scp>\n                    Diversity Profiling and Rare Allele Interpretation in an Eastern Chinese Transplant\u2010Typing Cohort"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Chao","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory The Second Qilu Hospital of Shandong University  Jinan Shandong People's Republic of 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Laboratory Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University  Jinan Shandong People's Republic of 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