{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T23:23:29Z","timestamp":1781133809039,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,29]],"date-time":"2015-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1432857600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,29]],"date-time":"2015-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1432857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transbound Emerg Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,30]],"date-time":"2015-05-30T06:14:19Z","timestamp":1432966459000},"page":"449-458","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Identification of Suitable Areas for West Nile Virus Circulation in Tunisia"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"T.","family":"Ben Hassine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de Veille Zoosanitaire; Tunis Tunisie"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Conte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise \u2018G.Caporale\u2019; Teramo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Calistri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise \u2018G.Caporale\u2019; Teramo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Candeloro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise \u2018G.Caporale\u2019; Teramo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Ippoliti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise \u2018G.Caporale\u2019; Teramo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"De Massis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise \u2018G.Caporale\u2019; Teramo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. L.","family":"Danzetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise \u2018G.Caporale\u2019; Teramo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Bejaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direction des soins de sant\u00e9 de base; Tunis Tunisie"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Hammami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de Veille Zoosanitaire; Tunis Tunisie"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"98","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0001|tbed12384-cit-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12077","article-title":"Mapping the serological prevalence rate of West Nile fever in Equids, Tunisia","volume":"62","author":"Bargaoui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0002|tbed12384-cit-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pii: 19949","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.16.33.19949-en","article-title":"Human cases of West Nile Virus Infection in north-eastern Italy, 15 June to 15 November 2010","volume":"16","author":"Barzon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Euro. Surveill."},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0003|tbed12384-cit-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres\/2009026","article-title":"Changing patterns of West Nile virus transmission: altered vector competence and host susceptibility","volume":"40","author":"Bontemps","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0004|tbed12384-cit-0004","first-page":"29","article-title":"Epidemiology of West Nile in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin","volume":"4","author":"Calistri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Virol. J."},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0005|tbed12384-cit-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2013.02.011","article-title":"Analysis of climatic and environmental variables associated with the occurrence of West Nile virus in Morocco","volume":"110","author":"Calistri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0006|tbed12384-cit-0006","volume-title":"A Directory of Western Palaearctic Wetlands","author":"Carp","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0007|tbed12384-cit-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00536-1","article-title":"Evolutionary relationship between Old World West Nile virus strains. Evidence for viral gene flow between Africa, the Middle East, and Europe","volume":"315","author":"Charrel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0008|tbed12384-cit-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-5-36","article-title":"Avian GIS models signal human risk for West Nile virus in Mississippi","volume":"5","author":"Cooke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0009|tbed12384-cit-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-39.1.221","article-title":"Effect of environmental temperature on the ability of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit West Nile virus","volume":"39","author":"Dohm","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0010|tbed12384-cit-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/45.4.800","article-title":"Mosquito species richness, composition, and abundance along habitat-climate-elevation gradients in the Northern Colorado front range","volume":"45","author":"Eisen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0011|tbed12384-cit-0011","unstructured":"El Hili , A. 2005 Les oiseaux migrateurs et la grippe aviaire en Tunisie"},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0012|tbed12384-cit-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000081042","article-title":"Epidemic West Nile virus encephalitis in Tunisia","volume":"24","author":"Feki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0013|tbed12384-cit-0013","unstructured":"Feltrup-Azafzaf , C. H. Azafzaf 2009 Avril 2009 http:\/\/www.rac-spa.org\/sites\/default\/files\/doc_birds\/aao_racspa_rapp_iwc_janvier_2009.pdf"},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0014|tbed12384-cit-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-012-0750-1","article-title":"The ecology of emerging infectious diseases in migratory birds: an assessment of the role of climate change and priorities for future research","volume":"9","author":"Fuller","year":"2012","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0015|tbed12384-cit-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(03)59008-X","article-title":"Origins, evolution, and vector\/host coadaptations within the genus Flavivirus","volume":"59","author":"Gould","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0016|tbed12384-cit-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2009.12.005","article-title":"Second epidemic of West Nile virus meningoencephalitis in Tunisia","volume":"40","author":"Hachfi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Mal. Infect."},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0017|tbed12384-cit-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.2307\/490592","article-title":"Geographical aspects of the emergence of infectious diseases","volume":"76","author":"Haggett","year":"1994","journal-title":"Geogr. Ann. Ser. B"},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0018|tbed12384-cit-0018","first-page":"231","article-title":"Estimation du nombre des oiseaux aquatiques hivernants en Tunisie: p\u00e9riode 2001\/2002 \u00e0 2006\/2007","volume":"66","author":"Hamdi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Ecol. (terre vie)"},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0019|tbed12384-cit-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0505.990506","article-title":"West Nile fever a re-emerging mosquito-borne viral disease in Europe","volume":"5","author":"Hubalek","year":"1999","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0020|tbed12384-cit-0020","unstructured":"IUCN 1987 Directory of the protected areas of North Africa"},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0021|tbed12384-cit-0021","volume-title":"International Catalogue of Arboviruses, Including Certain other Viruses of Vertebrates","author":"Karabatos","year":"1985","edition":"3"},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0022|tbed12384-cit-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.19.1.1201","article-title":"West Nile viral encephalitis","volume":"19","author":"Komar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0024|tbed12384-cit-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1089\/153036601753552558","article-title":"Serologic evidence for West Nile virus infection in birds in Staten Island, New York, after an outbreak in 2000","volume":"1","author":"Komar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0025|tbed12384-cit-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0903.020628","article-title":"Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus","volume":"9","author":"Komar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0026|tbed12384-cit-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70030-3","article-title":"West Nile virus","volume":"6","author":"Kramer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0027|tbed12384-cit-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0704.017421","article-title":"West Nile virus infection in mosquitoes, birds, horses, and humans, Staten Island, New York","volume":"7","author":"Kulasekera","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0028|tbed12384-cit-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5448.2333","article-title":"Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the north-eastern United States","volume":"286","author":"Lanciotti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0029|tbed12384-cit-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2002.1449","article-title":"Complete genome sequences and phylogenetic analysis of West Nile virus strains isolated from the United States, Europe, and the Middle East","volume":"298","author":"Lanciotti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0030|tbed12384-cit-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2006.11.008","article-title":"Remote sensing based identification of environmental risk factors associated with West Nile disease in horses in Camargue, France","volume":"79","author":"Leblond","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0031|tbed12384-cit-0031","first-page":"49","article-title":"On the generalised distance in statistics","volume":"2","author":"Mahalanobis","year":"1936","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Inst. Sci. India"},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0032|tbed12384-cit-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1987.37.40S","article-title":"St Louis encephalitis: lessons from the last decade","volume":"37","author":"Monath","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0033|tbed12384-cit-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb02690.x","article-title":"West Nile in the Mediterranean basin: 1950-2000","volume":"951","author":"Murgue","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0034|tbed12384-cit-0034","unstructured":"National Health Authorities of Tunisia 2001 West Nile virus-Greece Tunisia"},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0035|tbed12384-cit-0035","first-page":"75","volume-title":"Water Culture and Water Conflict in the Mediterranean Area","author":"Omrani","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0036|tbed12384-cit-0036","volume-title":"Observatoire National de Maladies Nouvelles et Emergentes","author":"ONMNE","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0037|tbed12384-cit-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-7-12","article-title":"Locating suitable habitats for West Nile Virus-infected mosquitoes through association of environmental characteristics with infected mosquito locations: a case study in Shelby County, Tennessee","volume":"7","author":"Ozdenerol","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0038|tbed12384-cit-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pii=19644","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.15.34.19644-en","article-title":"Ongoing outbreak of West Nile virus infection in humans in Greece, July-August 2010","volume":"15","author":"Papa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Euro. Surveill."},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0039|tbed12384-cit-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-007-0150-0","article-title":"Influence of warming tendency on Culex pipiens population abundance and on the probability of West Nile Fever outbreaks (Israeli case study: 2001-2005)","volume":"5","author":"Paz","year":"2008","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0040|tbed12384-cit-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.03.001","article-title":"Prevalence of IgG antibodies against West Nile virus in blood donors during the 2003 outbreak in Tunisia","volume":"104","author":"Riabi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0041|tbed12384-cit-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-3-8","article-title":"Environmental and social determinants of human risk during a West Nile virus outbreak in the greater Chicago area, 2002","volume":"3","author":"Ruiz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0042|tbed12384-cit-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-6-10","article-title":"Association of West Nile virus illness and urban landscapes in Chicago and Detroit","volume":"6","author":"Ruiz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0043|tbed12384-cit-0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1102.040817","article-title":"West Nile Virus in Morocco, 2003","volume":"11","author":"Schuffenecker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0044|tbed12384-cit-0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-13-26","article-title":"Environmental predictors of West Nile fever risk in Europe","volume":"13","author":"Tran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0045|tbed12384-cit-0045","first-page":"487","article-title":"M\u00e9ningoenc\u00e9phalite \u00e0 arbovirus West Nile en Tunisie","volume":"61","author":"Triki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Trop."},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0046|tbed12384-cit-0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2008.10.003","article-title":"Equine West Nile virus disease occurrence and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index","volume":"88","author":"Ward","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"10.1111\/tbed.12384-BIB0047|tbed12384-cit-0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.02.003","article-title":"Phylogeography and epidemiological history of West Nile virus genotype 1a in Europe and the Mediterranean basin","volume":"11","author":"Zehender","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."}],"container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Ftbed.12384","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Ftbed.12384","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/wol1\/doi\/10.1111\/tbed.12384\/fullpdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T15:46:02Z","timestamp":1675957562000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/tbed.12384"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,29]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tbed.12384","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1865-1674"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1865-1674","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,29]]}}}