{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T05:43:52Z","timestamp":1773899032939,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]],"date-time":"2021-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transbounding Emerging Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Research into the phylogenetic relationships of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) strains was long overlooked, partially due to its original restricted distribution to sub\u2010Saharan Africa. However, recent incursions into northern latitudes, and a rapid spread causing major economic losses worldwide, have intensified additional research on the disease and the causative virus. This study delineates the phylogeny of LSDV in the context of full genome sequences of strains recovered in the field, as well as strains highly passaged in cell culture. We sequenced the oldest known field strain to date (isolate LSDV\/Haden\/RSA\/1954 [South Africa] recovered from an outbreak in 1954), a recent field isolate (LSDV\/280\u2010KZN\/RSA\/2018 [South Africa] sequenced directly from blood during an outbreak in 2018) and strain LSDV\/Russia\/Dagestan\u201075 (a high\u2010passaged cell culture strain derived from the field strain, LSDV\/Russia\/Dagestan\/2015 [Russia]). Sequence analysis placed the field strain LSDV\/Haden\/RSA\/1954 in the same cluster (cluster 1.1) with attenuated Neethling\u2010type commercial vaccine viruses, with eight SNP differences, discrediting the previously held hypothesis that cluster 1.1 vaccine strains were derived from cluster 1.2 field viruses via the process of attenuation between them. In contrast, the recent LSDV\/280\u2010KZN\/RSA\/2018 isolate grouped with other recent field isolates in cluster 1.2, providing evidence that cluster 1.1 strains were displaced by cluster 1.2 strains in South Africa. Based on the field isolates between 1954 and 2018, the substitution rate of 7.4\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010<jats:sup>\u20136<\/jats:sup> substitutions\/site\/year was established, with mutations occurring in either synonymous sites or intergenic regions. This is the first evolutionary metric recorded for LSDV. Comparing the genome sequences of high\u2010passage strains of LSDV showed that propagation in vitro without animal host selective pressure generates mainly non\u2010synonymous SNPs in virus\u2010replication genes. These results improve our understanding of LSDV evolution and demonstrate that the population dynamics of circulating isolates is not constant, with LSDV associated with different genetic clusters dominating the landscape during specific periods in time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T16:45:39Z","timestamp":1632415539000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Estimating evolutionary changes between highly passaged and original parental lumpy skin disease virus strains"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4761-8767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoinette","family":"Van Schalkwyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Research Council\u2010Onderstepoort Veterinary Research institute  Onderstepoort Gauteng South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Byadovskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Center for Animal Health  Vladimir Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Shumilova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Center for Animal Health  Vladimir Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3477-1597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David B.","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Research Council\u2010Onderstepoort Veterinary Research institute  Onderstepoort Gauteng South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria  Gauteng South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5982-3675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Sprygin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Center for Animal Health  Vladimir Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00550\u201017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"489","article-title":"Cytopathogenic agents associated with lumpy skin disease of cattle","volume":"5","author":"Alexander R. 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