{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T04:08:23Z","timestamp":1747714103825,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]],"date-time":"2021-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transbounding Emerging Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic> O1 El Tor variants have been the major causative agents of cholera worldwide since their emergence in the 2000s. Cholera remains endemic in some regions in Malaysia. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the genetic characteristics of the <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic> O1 El Tor strains associated with outbreaks and sporadic cases to elucidate the molecular evolution among the strains circulating in this region. A total of 45 <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic> O1 El Tor strains isolated between 1991 and 2011 were examined. All strains were subjected to phenotypic characterization, and molecular characterization including detection of virulence genes and CTX prophage (CTX\u03a6) by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and genotyping by Pulsed\u2010Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). All strains were phenotypically confirmed as El Tor biotype and were mostly Ogawa serotype (96%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that the outbreak strains isolated in 1991 (Sabah) and 2009 (Terengganu) were all multidrug\u2010resistant while the sporadic strains were resistant to erythromycin and furazolidone only. All strains (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a045) were resistant to erythromycin. The virulence genes <jats:italic>ctxA, ctxB, ompW, rfb<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>rtxC, tcpA, tcpI, rstR<\/jats:italic>, zot and <jats:italic>hlyA<\/jats:italic> were present in all strains. The outbreak strains isolated in 1991 harboured El Tor cholera toxin gene (<jats:italic>ctxB3<\/jats:italic>) while sporadic strains from 2004 to 2011 harboured classical ctxB<jats:italic>1<\/jats:italic>. Four distinctive CTX\u03a6 arrays were identified among the El Tor variants, one of which co\u2010occurred with El Tor strains during the 2009 outbreak in Terengganu. PFGE analysis revealed that a genetically diverse El Tor variants population persisted in Sabah. The co\u2010existence of multiple El Tor variants together with the prototypic El Tor strains suggested a multiclonal emergence of <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic> O1 El Tor variants in this region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T19:57:55Z","timestamp":1635796675000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Molecular characterization of <i>Vibrio cholerae<\/i> O1 El Tor strains in Malaysia revealed genetically diverse variant lineages"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Kwai Lin","family":"Thong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotechnology &amp; Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT) Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathryn Bee Lin","family":"Tham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology Research Institute for Defence Ministry of Defence Malaysia  Kajang Selangor Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8332-4833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soo Tein","family":"Ngoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiang Chiet","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wan Noraini","family":"Wan Yussof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Laboratory Ministry of Health Malaysia  Sungai Buloh Selangor Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rahayu","family":"Ahmad Hanapi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit Bakteriologi Jabatan Patologi, Hospital Sungai Buloh, Jalan Hospital  Sungai Buloh Selangor Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nurizzat","family":"Mohamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Laboratory Ministry of Health Malaysia  Sungai Buloh Selangor Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9062-3839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cindy Shuan Ju","family":"Teh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003832"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01086\u201010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1703.101176"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.11.5898\u20105905.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.003780\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.7.2594\u20102597.2001"},{"volume-title":"CLSI supplement M100","year":"2020","key":"e_1_2_11_8_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.3.734\u2010741.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.24.6992\u20106998.2000"},{"volume-title":"Population and housing census of Malaysia: Population distribution and basic demographic characteristics 2010","year":"2011","author":"Department of Statistics Malaysia.","key":"e_1_2_11_11_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.8.2118\u20102121.1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268899003957"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00799\u201010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","first-page":"95","article-title":"Tetracycline\u2010resistant Vibrio cholerae El Tor","volume":"48","author":"Hassan H.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Medical Journal of Malaysia"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35020000"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574\u2010695X.1998.tb01128.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.6.3134"},{"volume-title":"Manual of clinical microbiology","year":"1992","author":"Kelly M. 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