{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T02:40:01Z","timestamp":1784860801390,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004532","name":"Japan International Cooperation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004532","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009037","name":"Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP21jm0110019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21jm0110019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009037","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transbounding Emerging Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause highly contagious respiratory diseases in humans and animals. In 2009, a swine\u2010origin pandemic H1N1 IAV, designated A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, spread worldwide, and has since frequently been introduced into pig populations. Since novel reassortant IAVs with pandemic potential may emerge in pigs, surveillance for IAV in pigs is therefore necessary not only for the pig industry but also for public health. However, epidemiological information on IAV infection of pigs in Africa remains sparse. In this study, we collected 246 serum and 605 nasal swab samples from pigs in Zambia during the years 2011\u20132018. Serological analyses revealed that 49% and 32% of the sera collected in 2011 were positive for hemagglutination\u2010inhibition (HI) and neutralizing antibodies against A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, respectively, whereas less than 5.3% of sera collected during the following period (2012\u20132018) were positive in both serological tests. The positive rate and the neutralization titres to A(H1N1)pdm09 virus were higher than those to classical swine H1N1 and H1N2 IAVs. On the other hand, the positive rate for swine H3N2 IAV was very low in the pig population in Zambia in 2011\u20132018 (5.3% and 0% in HI and neutralization tests, respectively). From nasal swab samples, we isolated one H3N2 and eight H1N1 IAV strains with an isolation rate of 1.5%. Phylogenetic analyses of all eight gene segments revealed that the isolated IAVs were closely related to human IAV strains belonging to A(H1N1)pdm09 and seasonal H3N2 lineages. Our findings indicate that reverse zoonotic transmission from humans to pigs occurred during the study period in Zambia and highlight the need for continued surveillance to monitor the status of IAVs circulating in swine populations in Africa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T18:34:31Z","timestamp":1635791671000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Serological and molecular epidemiological study on swine influenza in Zambia"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Hayato","family":"Harima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia International Institute for Zoonosis Control Hokkaido University  Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7987-9884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kosuke","family":"Okuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global Epidemiology International Institute for Zoonosis Control Hokkaido University  Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Kajihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global Epidemiology International Institute for Zoonosis Control Hokkaido University  Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5738-4816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hirohito","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences  Okayama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9423-0816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgar","family":"Simulundu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control School of Veterinary Medicine the University of Zambia  Lusaka Zambia"},{"name":"Macha Research Trust  Choma Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene","family":"Bwalya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies School of Veterinary Medicine the University of Zambia  Lusaka Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongjin","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia International Institute for Zoonosis Control Hokkaido University  Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akina","family":"Mori\u2010Kajihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global Epidemiology International Institute for Zoonosis Control Hokkaido University  Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7224-1071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Musso","family":"Munyeme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control School of Veterinary Medicine the University of Zambia  Lusaka Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1461-2548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Sakoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Hokkaido University  Sapporo Japan"},{"name":"International Collaboration Unit International Institute for Zoonosis Control Hokkaido University  Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takehiko","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Disease Control and Prevention National Institute of Animal Health National Agriculture and Food Research Organization  Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard M.","family":"Hang'ombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Para\u2010clinical Studies School of Veterinary Medicine the University of Zambia  Lusaka Zambia"},{"name":"Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals the University of Zambia  Lusaka Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirofumi","family":"Sawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control School of Veterinary Medicine the University of Zambia  Lusaka Zambia"},{"name":"International Collaboration Unit International Institute for Zoonosis Control Hokkaido University  Sapporo Japan"},{"name":"Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals the University of Zambia  Lusaka Zambia"},{"name":"Division of Molecular Pathobiology International Institute for Zoonosis Control Hokkaido University  Sapporo Japan"},{"name":"One Health Research Center Hokkaido University  Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron S.","family":"Mweene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control School of Veterinary Medicine the University of Zambia  Lusaka Zambia"},{"name":"Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals the University of Zambia  Lusaka Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2464-6642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayato","family":"Takada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global Epidemiology International Institute for Zoonosis Control Hokkaido University  Sapporo Japan"},{"name":"Department of Disease Control School of Veterinary Medicine the University of Zambia  Lusaka Zambia"},{"name":"International Collaboration Unit International Institute for Zoonosis Control Hokkaido University  Sapporo Japan"},{"name":"Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals the University of Zambia  Lusaka Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12210"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022\u20101317\u201079\u201012\u20102947"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0378\u20101135(00)00164\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2013.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1993.1155"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9050355"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0903810"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.02.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12020180"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2012.07.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050170002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.9.7367\u20107373.1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw054"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863\u20102378.2009.01301.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0166\u20100934(01)00301\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1995.1513"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","first-page":"158","article-title":"The pig as a mixing vessel for influenza viruses: Human and veterinary implications","volume":"3","author":"Ma W.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular and Genetic Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008686.2019.1696632"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705\u2010018\u20104091\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02169\u201019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192721"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022\u20101317\u201064\u201012\u20102611"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750\u20102659.2011.00267.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743\u2010422X\u201010\u201047"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","first-page":"365","article-title":"Haemagglutination\u2010inhibiting (HI) antibodies against strains of influenza A virus in horse and pig sera in Nigeria","volume":"34","author":"Olaleye O. D.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Microbiology and Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0168\u20101702(02)00027\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02941\u201014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2012.10.011"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","first-page":"75","article-title":"Evidence for the natural transmission of influenza A virus from wild ducts to swine and its potential importance for man","volume":"59","author":"Pensaert M.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a118408"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.867041"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12635"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.12.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.8907"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705\u2010013\u20101616\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743\u2010422X\u20108\u2010537"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917\u2010016\u20100844\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.108572"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2006062"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12049"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.56.1.152-179.1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","unstructured":"WHO. (2002).WHO manual on animal influenza diagnosis and surveillance. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/68026"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","first-page":"1186","volume-title":"Fields Virology","author":"Wright P. F.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2003.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01257\u201007"}],"container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/tbed.14373","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/tbed.14373","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/am-pdf\/10.1111\/tbed.14373","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/tbed.14373","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T17:08:16Z","timestamp":1747674496000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/tbed.14373"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/tbed.14373"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tbed.14373","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1865-1674"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1865-1674","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-08-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-10-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-11-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}