{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T11:51:45Z","timestamp":1788954705844,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asmepublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Clinical Teacher"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The value of gender representation has been increasingly recognised in medicine, yet women represent only 13.6% of orthopaedic surgeons in Canada. The primary objective of this study was to determine barriers identified by medical students considering pursuing a career in orthopaedic surgery. The secondary objective was to assess for gender\u2010based differences in barriers identified by medical students.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cross\u2010sectional mixed\u2010methods survey was distributed to final\u2010year students at a Canadian medical school. Descriptive analyses were calculated for the study population and gender subgroups. To compare responses between gender subgroups, chi\u2010square or Fisher's exact tests were employed for binary data, and non\u2010parametric Mann\u2013Whitney\n                      <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                      tests for ordinal data. Open\u2010text responses were reviewed for descriptions of students' experiences in orthopaedics.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sixty\u2010four medical students participated, representing a response rate of 59.3%. Male culture and the need for physical strength were identified as strong barriers to pursuing a career in orthopaedics. Additionally, women reported less exposure (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003), disproportionate constraints (i.e., scrutiny of performance based on gender,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001), less mentorship (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.028), more concerns about verbal (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and sexual abuse (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.013), and higher rates of direct discouragement from pursuing orthopaedics than men (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.035). Open\u2010text responses indicated that orthopaedics was not considered welcoming to all medical students.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study is the first to characterise medical student perceptions of barriers to gender equity in orthopaedic surgery in Canada. Fostering a more equitable environment will necessitate a paradigm shift in the educational framework toward orthopaedic surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tct.70078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T21:27:04Z","timestamp":1743024424000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Medical Student Perceptions of the Barriers to Entering Orthopaedic Surgery Differ by Gender"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5513-8478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bahar","family":"Entezari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Queen's University  Kingston Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Kerslake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Banff Sport Medicine Foundation  Banff Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Queen's University  Kingston Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Division of Orthopaedic Surgery Kingston Health Sciences Centre  Kingston Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse\u00a0I.","family":"Wolfstadt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Granovsky Gluskin Division of Orthopaedics Sinai Health  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilma","family":"Hopman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Queen's University  Kingston Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Kingston General Hospital Research Institute, Kingston Health Sciences Centre  Kingston Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter\u00a0C.","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Granovsky Gluskin Division of Orthopaedics Sinai Health  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurie\u00a0A.","family":"Hiemstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Banff Sport Medicine Foundation  Banff Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Surgery University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102796.2008.01967.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.7875"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1800097115"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000480"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.200951"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","volume-title":"F\u00e9minisation de La Profession M\u00e9dicale et Transformation de La Pratique Au Qu\u00e9bec","author":"Contandriopulous A.\u2010P.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa2013804"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525\u20101497.1997.12102.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archfami.5.4.215"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","first-page":"69","article-title":"Effects of Physician Gender on Patient Satisfaction","volume":"58","author":"Bertakis K. 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