{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T13:52:27Z","timestamp":1776779547045,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,27]],"date-time":"2025-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asmepublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Clinical Teacher"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite health disparities and low clinician confidence caring for disabled patients, disability is not routinely included in medical education, with a notable gap in attention to the physical examination. This article examines a novel educational intervention to teach medical and dental students how to perform a physical examination for patients with mobility disability. Disability is the most common disability type in US adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Approach<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A stakeholder\u2010engaged session to teach medical and dental students how to perform a physical examination for patients with mobility disability was developed using Kern's six\u2010step curriculum development approach and provided as a mandatory element of Harvard Medical School's required foundational clinical skills course for first\u2010year students.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Evaluation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Voluntary pre\u2010\/postsession surveys queried student confidence and takeaway lessons. Quantitative analysis was performed using unpaired\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010tests. Hybrid inductive\u2013deductive qualitative analysis distilled themes from narrative descriptions of takeaways. Pre\u2010\/postsession survey response rate was 121\/164 (74%) and 109\/164 (66%), respectively. Student confidence to provide care for patients with mobility disability increased significantly following the session (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Lessons learned fell into six themes, including accessible care, clinical humility and collaboration.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A disability\u2010specific session within a foundational clinical skills course can increase student confidence to provide care for patients with disabilities and stimulate reflection on principles of care relevant to all patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tct.70167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T06:16:49Z","timestamp":1753683409000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Medical School Pilot to Teach the Physical Examination for Patients With Mobility Disability: Development, Implementation and Early Assessment of Impact"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6268-3300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hae\u00a0Lin","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1139-8029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorothy\u00a0W.","family":"Tolchin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital  Charlestown Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization Disability(2023) accessed June 3 2024 https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\u2010room\/fact\u2010sheets\/detail\/disability\u2010and\u2010health."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000719"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2020.01452"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0003\u20109993(97)90220\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2009.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjq.2021.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","volume-title":"The Future of Disability in America","author":"Field M. J.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization Disability(2023) accessed December 31 2024 https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\u2010room\/fact\u2010sheets\/detail\/disability\u2010and\u2010health."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","unstructured":"National Council on Disability Framework to End Health Disparities for People With Disabilities(2022) accessed September 30 2024 https:\/\/www.ncd.gov\/report\/framework\u2010to\u2010end\u2010health\u2010disparities\u2010of\u2010people\u2010with\u2010disabilities\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000001703"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000001154"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Disability Impacts All of Us(2023) accessed June 3 2024 https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/disabilityandhealth\/infographic\u2010disability\u2010impacts\u2010all.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","unstructured":"US Department of Justice Civil Rights Division Access to Medical Care for Individuals With Mobility Disabilities(2020) accessed June 3 2024 https:\/\/www.ada.gov\/resources\/medical\u2010care\u2010mobility\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","volume-title":"Curriculum Development for Medical Education: A Six\u2010Step Approach","author":"Thomas P. 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Hastings Center Issue Brief","author":"Bowen L.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","unstructured":"Qualtrics Qualtrics XM Provo UT (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","unstructured":"GraphPad Inc.Prism 9 San Diego CA (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-9-54"}],"container-title":["The Clinical Teacher"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/asmepublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/tct.70167","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T17:06:08Z","timestamp":1762362368000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmepublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/tct.70167"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,27]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/tct.70167"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tct.70167","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1743-4971","1743-498X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-4971","type":"print"},{"value":"1743-498X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-07-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70167"}}