{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T08:21:14Z","timestamp":1771489274129,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["197369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["197369"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asmepublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Clinical Teacher"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Teaching compassionate concussion care, particularly by engaging patients and caregivers as partners in education, is a complex and evolving field. Clinician\u2013educators are now expected to move beyond traditional methods and draw on diverse approaches to understand how people learn. Yet, many current teaching practices lack clear theoretical grounding, limiting their ability to prepare physicians to address patients' individual needs. Despite growing interest in compassion education, little is known about how paradigms shape postgraduate concussion\u2010care training and assessment. This scoping review aimed to (1) explore the educational paradigms and learning theories underpinning postgraduate concussion\u2010care education and (2) contrast the paradigms guiding assessment of and for learning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following Arksey and O'Malley's scoping review framework, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, ERIC, Cochrane, and CINAHL. Eligible articles described full\u2010length postgraduate concussion\u2010care educational interventions. Extracted data included intervention design, educational paradigm, learning theory and reported outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 1574 articles screened, 9 met inclusion criteria. Identified paradigms included behaviourism, positivism, cognitivism and constructivism. Social\u2013cultural learning theory (a form of Constructivism) appeared in six of nine studies. Most studies did not explicitly state their guiding paradigm or align assessment with compassionate outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review highlights the implicit paradigms shaping concussion\u2010care education and their limitations for cultivating compassion. Constructivism offers the most promise for advancing compassionate practice by fostering collaboration, reflection, and learner agency. Given the interpersonal, cognitive and contextual demands of concussion care, adopting a constructivist orientation may better prepare physicians to meet patient and caregiver needs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tct.70296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T08:35:57Z","timestamp":1765528557000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Educational Perspectives on Compassionate Concussion Care: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6320-1764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice\u00a0Sau\u00a0Han","family":"Kam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Toronto Western Hospital University Health Network  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"North York General Hospital  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Toronto Rehabilitation Institute University Health Network  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farida","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North York General Hospital  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2748-2658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Wiljer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Wilson Center, Temerty Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto  Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Continuing Professional Development, Temerty Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto  Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto  Toronto Canada"},{"name":"University Health Network  Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3840-2641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Montreal Quebec Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychopedagogy and Andragogy, Faculty of Education Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6113-158X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denyse","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Dentistry University of Alberta  Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000002817"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tct.13615"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000003075"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/0142159X.2013.788789"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10401334.2017.1392864"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000003142"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs\u20102022\u2010015054"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","unstructured":"Research I for CE.Incubator for Clinical Education Research. Incubator for Clinical Education Research. Published October 17 2023 https:\/\/clinicaleducationresearch.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2021.1931081"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2019.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41285\u2010024\u201000208\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440\u20101630.2007.00726.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000002693"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000003093"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102648.2006.03740.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","volume-title":"Research, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods","author":"Creswell J. W.","year":"2003"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","first-page":"460","article-title":"Concussion Diagnosis and Management: Knowledge and Attitudes of Family Medicine Residents","volume":"63","author":"Mann A.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Canadian Family Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0317167100015584"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000001059"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.147.3MA2.167"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/cnc\u20102017\u20100001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0000000000000730"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tct.13707"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36834\/cmej.78016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22454\/PRiMER.2019.465841"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/cnc\u20102022\u20100014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JICA\u201001\u20102022\u20100012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459\u2010021\u201010036\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2632352420935130"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000014948"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2023.0021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.01.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2019.01.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20597002221075007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.16383"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888\u2010199009000\u201000045"}],"container-title":["The Clinical Teacher"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/asmepublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/tct.70296","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/asmepublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/tct.70296","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/asmepublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/tct.70296","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T15:22:19Z","timestamp":1770909739000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmepublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/tct.70296"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/tct.70296"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tct.70296","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1743-4971","1743-498X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-4971","type":"print"},{"value":"1743-498X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70296"}}