{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:20:19Z","timestamp":1787016019676,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,23]],"date-time":"2012-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1353628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transplant Infectious Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n We sought to describe the epidemiology and risk factors for\n \n C<\/jats:styled-content>\n lostridium difficile\n <\/jats:italic>\n infection (\n CDI<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) among kidney transplant recipients (\n KTR<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) between 1\n J<\/jats:styled-content>\n anuary 2008 and 31\n D<\/jats:styled-content>\n ecember 2010.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n A single\u2010institution retrospective study was conducted among all adult\n KTR<\/jats:styled-content>\n with\n CDI<\/jats:styled-content>\n , defined as a positive test for\n \n C<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\u00a0difficile\n <\/jats:italic>\n by a cell cytotoxic assay for\n \n C<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\u00a0difficile\n <\/jats:italic>\n toxin A or B or polymerase chain reaction test for toxigenic\n \n C<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\u00a0difficile\n <\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Among 603 kidney transplants performed between 1\n J<\/jats:styled-content>\n anuary 2008 and 31\n D<\/jats:styled-content>\n ecember 2010, 37 (6.1%) patients developed\n CDI<\/jats:styled-content>\n : 12 (of 128; 9.4%) high\u2010risk (blood group incompatible and\/or anti\u2010human leukocyte antigen donor\u2010specific antibodies) vs. 25 (of 475; 5.3%,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.08) standard\u2010risk patients. The overall rate of\n CDI<\/jats:styled-content>\n increased from 3.7% in 2008 to 9.4% in 2010 (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.05). The median time to\n CDI<\/jats:styled-content>\n diagnosis was 9\u00a0days, with 27 (73.0%) patients developing\n CDI<\/jats:styled-content>\n within the first 30\u00a0days after their transplant, and 14 (51.8%) developing\n CDI<\/jats:styled-content>\n within 7\u00a0days. A case\u2013control analysis of 37\n CDI<\/jats:styled-content>\n cases and 74 matched controls demonstrated the following predictors for\n CDI<\/jats:styled-content>\n among\n KTR<\/jats:styled-content>\n : vancomycin\u2010resistant\n \n E<\/jats:styled-content>\n nterococcus\n <\/jats:italic>\n colonization before transplant (odds ratio [\n OR<\/jats:styled-content>\n ]: 3.6,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.03), receipt of an organ from\n C<\/jats:styled-content>\n enters for\n D<\/jats:styled-content>\n isease\n C<\/jats:styled-content>\n ontrol high\u2010risk donor (\n OR<\/jats:styled-content>\n : 5.9,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.006), and administration of high\u2010risk antibiotics within 30\u00a0days post transplant (\n OR<\/jats:styled-content>\n : 6.6,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.001).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n CDI<\/jats:styled-content>\n remains a common early complication in\n KTR<\/jats:styled-content>\n , with rates steadily increasing during the study period. Host and transplant\u2010related factors and exposure to antibiotics appeared to significantly impact the risk for\n CDI<\/jats:styled-content>\n among\n KTR<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,23]],"date-time":"2012-11-23T04:39:00Z","timestamp":1353645540000},"page":"134-141","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Epidemiology, risk factors, and outcomes of\n \n C<\/scp>\n lostridium difficile\n <\/i>\n infection in kidney transplant recipients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"D.","family":"Neofytos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine School of Medicine The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine School of Medicine The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.D.","family":"Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine School of Medicine The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Cady\u2010Reh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quality Improvement Department The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Lepley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quality Improvement Department The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland 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